5.2.8 Substance Misuse

5.2.8 Substance Misuse

Substance Misuse

Substance misuse is a significant public health concern among children and adolescents in the UK. According to a survey by the National Health Service (NHS), about 7% of young people aged 11-15 have used drugs in the last year, with cannabis being the most commonly used drug (NHS, 2020). Alcohol misuse is also prevalent among young people in the UK, with approximately 1 in 5 adolescents reporting binge drinking (Public Health England, 2018).

The aetiology of substance misuse in children and adolescents is complex and multifactorial. Environmental factors such as peer pressure, availability, and parental attitudes towards substance use are known to play a role (Department of Health and Social Care, 2017). Additionally, mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression can increase the risk of substance misuse (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2014).

The presentation of substance misuse in children and adolescents can vary widely but may include symptoms such as mood changes, decreased academic performance, and behavioural problems (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2020). Substance misuse can also lead to physical complications such as addiction, overdose, and long-term health problems.

The treatment of substance misuse in children and adolescents typically involves a combination of pharmacological and psychological interventions. Pharmacological interventions may include medication-assisted therapy for opioid and alcohol dependence (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2018). Psychological interventions such as cognitive-behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing are also effective in addressing the underlying psychosocial factors that contribute to substance misuse (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2020).

The outcome of substance misuse in children and adolescents can vary widely, with some individuals experiencing full recovery while others may require long-term treatment and support. Early recognition and intervention are crucial in improving outcomes, particularly in terms of reducing the severity and impact of physical and psychological complications.

 Substance misuse
Prevalence/IncidencePrevalence and incidence rates of substance misuse in children and adolescents in the UK vary depending on the type of substance and population studied.
AetiologyThe aetiology of substance misuse in children and adolescents in the UK is complex and multifactorial, with biological, environmental, and psychosocial factors playing a role.
PresentationPresentation of substance misuse in children and adolescents in the UK may include physical and psychological symptoms, as well as behavioural and social changes.
TreatmentsTreatments for substance misuse in children and adolescents in the UK may include psychosocial interventions such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), family therapy, and motivational interviewing, as well as pharmacological interventions in some cases.
OutcomeThe outcome of substance misuse in children and adolescents in the UK varies widely depending on factors such as the type of substance, the severity of misuse, and the presence of co-occurring mental health conditions. Early intervention and treatment are key to improving outcomes, but relapse is common and ongoing support may be necessary.

An Understanding of How Substance Abuse Relates to Behaviours (e.g. Self-harm, Refusal to Attend School etc.) and Contexts (e.g. Pre-school Behaviours)

Substance abuse can have significant impacts on an individual’s behaviour, particularly in regard to self-harm and refusal to attend school.

Self-harm, also known as self-injury, is a behaviour where an individual intentionally harms themselves as a way to cope with emotional distress. Substance abuse can be a risk factor for self-harm, as individuals may turn to drug or alcohol use as a way to cope with difficult emotions. Substance abuse can also impair judgment and increase impulsivity, leading to an increased risk of self-harm. Additionally, the effects of certain substances can lead to physical sensations that individuals may find comforting, which can contribute to the development of self-harm behaviours.

Refusal to attend school is another behaviour that can be related to substance abuse. Substance abuse can interfere with an individual’s ability to attend school regularly, either due to the physical effects of drug or alcohol use or due to the associated mental health issues that can arise. Substance abuse can also lead to academic difficulties, which can further contribute to school refusal.

Substance abuse can also impact behaviours in preschool-aged children. Young children who are exposed to substance abuse in the home or who have parents who struggle with substance abuse may exhibit behavioural problems, such as aggression, hyperactivity, or difficulties with attention and concentration. These behaviours can impact their ability to succeed in school and can lead to challenges with socialization and relationship-building.

In summary, substance misuse is a significant public health concern among children and adolescents in the UK, with potential impacts on physical and psychological health, academic performance, and social functioning. Early recognition and intervention are crucial in improving outcomes, with a combination of pharmacological and psychological interventions being the primary treatment approach.

References:

  1. Department of Health and Social Care. (2017). Drug misuse and dependence: UK guidelines on clinical management. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/drug-misuse-and-dependence-uk-guidelines-on-clinical-management
  2. National Health Service. (2020). Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 2019. Retrieved from https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/smoking-drinking-and-drug-use-among-young-people-in-england/2019
  3. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). Medications to treat opioid use disorder. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/medications-to-treat-opioid-addiction/overview
  4. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Principles of adolescent substance use disorder treatment: A research-based guide. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-adolescent-substance-use-disorder-treatment-research-based-guide/introduction
  5. Public Health England. (2018). Drinking and drug use among young people in England in 2018. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/smoking-drinking-and-drug-use-among-young-people-in-england-2018