2.1.15 Personal identity

The Development of Personal (Ego-) Identity in Adolescence and Adult life

Personal identity refers to an individual’s sense of self, or the unique characteristics, traits, and attributes that make them who they are. It includes aspects such as personality, beliefs, values, and experiences, as well as an individual’s physical and social characteristics. Personal identity is a multifaceted concept that encompasses cognitive, emotional, and social aspects of an individual’s self-concept.

During adolescence, individuals begin to question and explore their sense of self, which leads to the development of personal identity. This process is known as identity formation and it is a central task of adolescence. Adolescents explore and experiment with different roles, values, beliefs, and behaviours in order to find a sense of self that feels authentic and meaningful to them.

The development of personal identity is influenced by a number of factors. Family plays an important role in shaping an individual’s sense of self, as parents and other family members often serve as the primary source of socialization and role models. Peers also have a significant impact on identity formation, as adolescents often look to their peers for validation and acceptance. Cultural and societal factors, such as religion, race, and socioeconomic status, also play a role in shaping an individual’s personal identity. Additionally, personal experiences and the ability to reflect on them also play a key role in the development of personal identity.

As individuals move through adulthood, their sense of self continues to evolve and change. Major life events, such as marriage, the birth of a child, or the loss of a loved one, can have a significant impact on personal identity. Changes in personal circumstances, such as a change in career or a move to a new city, can also affect an individual’s sense of self. Additionally, exposure to new ideas and perspectives, whether through travel, education, or other experiences, can lead to personal growth and the development of a more complex and nuanced personal identity (Berzonsky, 2009).

Overall, personal identity is a dynamic and ongoing process that begins in adolescence and continues throughout adulthood. It is shaped by a variety of internal and external factors and is constantly evolving as individuals grow and change over time.

Work, Ethnic, Gender and Other Identities

Work identity refers to the sense of self that individuals develop through their occupation or profession. It includes the roles, responsibilities, and skills associated with a particular job, as well as the values and beliefs associated with the work and the larger profession or industry. This identity can be a significant part of an individual’s overall sense of self, as it often shapes their sense of purpose and meaning, as well as their sense of belonging within a community (Constant, 2006).

Ethnic identity refers to the sense of self that individuals develop in relation to their ethnic or cultural background. It includes the values, beliefs, and customs associated with a particular ethnic or cultural group, as well as the sense of belonging and connection to that group. Ethnic identity can have a significant impact on personal identity, particularly for individuals who come from a marginalized or minority ethnic group.

Gender identity refers to the sense of self that individuals develop in relation to their gender. It includes the sense of oneself as a man, woman, or non-binary person, as well as the feelings, beliefs, and behaviours associated with that gender. Gender identity is a central aspect of personal identity and can have a significant impact on an individual’s sense of self, as well as their relationships and interactions with others.

Other identities that individuals may develop include sexual identity, religious identity, and political identity. Sexual identity refers to the sense of self that individuals develop in relation to their sexual orientation and sexual behaviour. Religious identity refers to the sense of self that individuals develop in relation to their religious or spiritual beliefs, practices, and traditions. Political identity refers to the sense of self that individuals develop in relation to their political beliefs, values, and affiliations.

All of these identities can interact and overlap in complex ways, influencing one another and shaping an individual’s overall sense of self. Some identities may be more central to an individual’s sense of self than others, and the salience of different identities can change over time and across different contexts.

Mid-life ‘crises’

The term “mid-life crisis” is often used to describe a period of introspection and self-evaluation that some individuals experience in middle age. This period is characterized by feelings of dissatisfaction, uncertainty, and a sense of questioning one’s life choices, values, and goals. It is often associated with a desire for change or a sense of wanting to “start over.”

The concept of a “mid-life crisis” has been popularized in popular culture, but it is not a universally accepted or scientifically proven phenomenon. Some experts argue that the idea of a mid-life crisis is a myth, while others suggest that it is a real but overstated phenomenon.

Some experts argue that the idea of a mid-life crisis is a myth, while others suggest that it is a real but overstated phenomenon. There are different theories about what might cause a mid-life crisis. Some researchers suggest that it is a normal part of the ageing process, marked by a sense of time running out and a desire to make the most of the years that are left. Others propose that it may be related to a specific life event, such as the empty nest syndrome, or the loss of a parent (Freund, 2009).

There are also different ideas about how to cope with a mid-life crisis. Some experts recommend making positive changes in one’s life, such as taking up new hobbies or exploring new career opportunities. Others suggest that it is important to accept the changes that come with ageing and to focus on finding meaning and purpose in one’s current circumstances.

It is important to note that not everyone experiences a mid-life crisis, and it’s not a universally accepted phenomenon, so, it’s not a necessary stage in life. Also, it’s important to consider seeking professional help if the feelings of dissatisfaction, uncertainty, and questioning become overwhelming or debilitating.

References:
(1) Berzonsky, M.D. (2005). Ego Identity: A Personal Standpoint in a Postmodern World. Identity, 5(2), pp.125–136. doi:10.1207/s1532706xid0502_3.

‌(2) Constant, A.F., Gataullina, L. and Zimmermann, K.F. (2006). Gender, Ethnic Identity and Work. [online] papers.ssrn.com. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=955344 [Accessed 19 Jan. 2023].

(3) Freund, A.M. and Ritter, J.O. (2009). Midlife Crisis: A Debate. Gerontology, [online] 55(5), pp.582–591. doi:10.1159/000227322.