Paper B Mock Exam 9: 2024

Which of the following best describes a threat to the internal validity of a clinical trial?

Which of the following is a well-documented effect of Kratom use?

Which of the following best describes a factor that enhances the external validity or generalisability of a study?

Which of the following conditions is Clonidine NOT typically used to manage?

Given the sensitivity of 0.7, specificity of 0.9, and prevalence of 23 percent, which of the following is the correct calculation for the negative likelihood ratio (LR-)?

Given the following values, which of the following is the correct calculation for the absolute risk reduction (ARR)?
Control event rate (CER) = 0.30
Experimental event rate (EER) = 0.20

In which of the following circumstances is the odds ratio (OR) considered a better measure than the relative risk (RR)?

A pregnant woman is currently on duloxetine 60 mg. Which of the following is the most appropriate management option?

Which of the following best defines Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)?

Which of the following conditions has the highest heritability?

Which of the following methods is commonly used to convert qualitative data into quantitative data?

Which of the following best describes the term “femicide”?

In which of the following scenarios is a log transformation most appropriately used?

In the PDSA cycle, what does the “S” stand for?

When creating a CONSORT diagram for a clinical trial comparing two drugs, which of the following elements is essential to include?

Which of the following antidepressants is least likely to affect the QTc interval?

A patient on aspirin is asking for advice regarding dementia prevention. Which of the following is the most accurate advice?

A researcher is conducting a study using multiple imputation to handle missing data in a large dataset. Which of the following statements about multiple imputation is correct?

In the context of psychotherapy, the term “containing” refers to what?

What is the most common comorbidity associated with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

What is the most common comorbidity associated with Bipolar Affective Disorder?

A patient knows how to mime the use of a hammer and nail. This ability is best described as:

What is the typical course of hypochondriasis?

A 45-year-old man with a history of alcohol dependence is experiencing significant distress and impairment in social and occupational functioning. He frequently worries about having serious illnesses despite medical reassurance. This clinical scenario is best managed by:

A secondary school implements a schoolwide program involving educational classes for all year’s groups and training for teachers, aimed at preventing bullying among students. This type of prevention is best described as:

A 46-year-old man presents with visual difficulties and frequent falls. His father died of a heart attack at a young age. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 61-year-old male patient presents with low mood indicative of depression. He has hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and ongoing pain and tingling in his hands and feet. Which medication is most appropriate?

A 68-year-old patient presents with a history of transient ischemic attacks (TIA), chronic hypertension, and cognitive decline. MRI of the brain reveals extensive white matter lesions. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

What is the prevalence of delirium tremens among patients experiencing alcohol withdrawal?

In a right-skewed distribution, in what order will the mean, median, and mode appear on a curve from left to right?

A 45-year-old man presents with recurrent strokes, migraine with aura, and progressive cognitive decline. His MRI shows multiple subcortical infarcts and white matter hyperintensities. Genetic testing reveals a mutation in the NOTCH3 gene. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following statements regarding Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in a 14-year-old child with learning disabilities is most accurate?

Which of the following statements regarding the withdrawal of consent in psychiatric practice is correct?

Which of the following statements about log transformation in psychiatric research data analysis is correct?

Which of the following therapies is most appropriate for a 12-year-old patient named Jane who has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa?

Which of the following antipsychotic medications is associated with the least amount of weight gain?

Which of the following types of family therapy is most specifically designed to treat adolescents with anorexia nervosa?

Which of the following statements about psychodynamic psychotherapy is correct?

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of a paradoxical injunction in the context of family therapy?

When comparing a continuous variable across three independent groups in psychiatric research, which statistical test is most appropriate?

A 45-year-old patient, who had a single episode of mania 10 years ago, is currently experiencing a depressive episode. The patient reports feeling persistently sad, experiencing significant weight loss, insomnia, and a lack of interest in previously enjoyed activities. There is no current evidence of psychosis. The patient has no history of substance abuse and has been medication-free for the past several years. Which medication should you recommend for this patient?

A 28-year-old woman who is 30 weeks pregnant has a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. She has a history of both manic and depressive episodes but is currently asymptomatic. Her last manic episode was one year ago, and her last depressive episode was six months ago. She is concerned about the risks of medication to her unborn child but also fears a relapse during the remainder of her pregnancy or postpartum period. What is the best management plan for this patient?

If the sensitivity of a diagnostic test increases, which of the following is also likely to increase?

A 35-year-old male patient with treatment-resistant schizophrenia has been on clozapine for the past six months. While his psychiatric symptoms have significantly improved, he has been experiencing severe hypersalivation, which has not responded to hyoscine (scopolamine). This side effect is causing considerable distress and interfering with his daily activities and sleep. What would be the next best pharmacological option to manage his hypersalivation?

A 72-year-old male patient with a 10-year history of Parkinson’s disease presents with worsening symptoms. He exhibits masked facies, significant drooling, and bradykinesia. His current medication regimen includes levodopa/carbidopa, but despite optimal dosing, his symptoms persist and are affecting his quality of life. What would be the most appropriate next step in the management of his symptoms?

A 40-year-old female patient with schizophrenia has been experiencing severe restlessness and an inability to sit still for the past few weeks. She describes a constant urge to move, which significantly interferes with her daily activities and sleep. This symptom started shortly after her antipsychotic medication was changed from risperidone to haloperidol two months ago. She has no history of substance abuse or other medical conditions. What would be the most appropriate treatment for her akathisia?

A 10-year-old boy with a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and a co-occurring tic disorder presents for follow-up. His parents report that his symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are significantly impacting his school performance and social interactions. Additionally, he experiences frequent motor tics, such as eye blinking and shoulder shrugging, which have worsened with previous stimulant medications. What would be the most appropriate medication to manage his ADHD symptoms while also considering his tic disorder?

A 12-year-old boy with a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been seen in the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) clinic. He has tried two different stimulant medications (methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine), both of which have effectively managed his ADHD symptoms but have resulted in significant hypertension. His blood pressure readings have consistently been above the 95th percentile for his age and height. The family is concerned about the long-term health implications of his elevated blood pressure. What would be the most appropriate next step in his management?

A 10-year-old girl with a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been treated with methylphenidate, a first-line stimulant medication. Despite an adequate trial at therapeutic doses, she continues to experience significant symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with her school performance and social interactions. Additionally, she has experienced some side effects, including decreased appetite and difficulty sleeping. What would be the most appropriate next medication to try?

A 28-year-old adult male presents with a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and reports moderate impairment in his daily functioning, including difficulties at work and in social relationships. He has never been treated for ADHD before. What is the first-line management option for this patient?

A 12-year-old boy presents with a diagnosis of both Tourette’s syndrome and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). His symptoms include multiple motor and vocal tics, as well as significant inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with his school performance and social interactions. According to NICE guidelines, what is the first-line treatment for managing both conditions?

A 10-year-old boy with a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been treated with methylphenidate for the past three months. Despite an adequate trial at therapeutic doses, he continues to experience significant symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with his school performance and social interactions. Additionally, he has experienced intolerable side effects such as decreased appetite and difficulty sleeping. According to NICE guidelines, what would be the most appropriate next step in his management?

Which of the following sets of information is required to calculate the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) for a specific disease?

Which of the following best describes the concept of discounting in the context of healthcare planning?

A 4-year-old girl is brought to the paediatric neurology clinic by her parents due to concerns about developmental delays and unusual behaviours. She has a history of severe speech impairment, with no words spoken to date, and exhibits frequent bouts of laughter and smiling that appear inappropriate to the context. Her motor development has been delayed, and she demonstrates a characteristic jerky, puppet-like gait. The parents also report episodes of seizures that began at around 2 years old, for which she is currently on anticonvulsant medication. On examination, the child has a happy demeanour with frequent smiling and laughing. She has microcephaly, noticeable after 2 years of age, and is hyperactive with a short attention span. Her movements are ataxic, and she has a wide-based, stiff-legged gait. Genetic testing reveals a deletion on chromosome 15q11-q13.

Which of the following statements correctly identifies the genetic cause of Prader-Willi syndrome?

A 32-year-old woman presents to the psychiatric clinic with a long-standing history of social phobia (social anxiety disorder). She experiences intense fear and avoidance of social situations, leading to significant impairment in her occupational and social functioning. Over the past year, she has been treated with both an SSRI (sertraline) and an SNRI (venlafaxine) at adequate doses and durations, but she has not experienced significant improvement in her symptoms. She is motivated to find an effective treatment and is open to trying other options. What is the most appropriate next step in her management?

A 14-year-old boy is brought to the child and adolescent psychiatry clinic by his parents due to concerns about his aggressive behaviour, frequent rule-breaking, and difficulty getting along with peers and teachers. He has a history of truancy, vandalism, and physical fights both at school and in the community. His parents report that these behaviours have been present for several years and are worsening. The family recently moved from a rural area to an urban setting due to the father’s job. The boy has no significant medical history, and there is no evidence of substance abuse. The family is financially stable. In considering the prevalence of conduct disorder, how does its occurrence compare between urban and rural areas, excluding the factor of poverty?

Which of the following conditions would most likely render a defendant unfit for trial in the UK?

Which of the following is the drug of choice for treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in children?

Which of the following conditions has a 1:1 male-to-female ratio?

Which of the following percentages most accurately represents the prevalence of post-partum depression in new mothers?

Which of the following best describes the gait associated with upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions?

Khat is made from the leaves and stems of which plant?

Which of the following genetic anomalies is most commonly associated with Rett syndrome?

Which of the following mechanisms best explains how progranulin mutations contribute to the pathogenesis of frontotemporal dementia (FTD)?

A 35-year-old male patient with a known diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder presents to the emergency department with symptoms of mania. He reports decreased need for sleep, increased energy, rapid speech, grandiosity, and engaging in risky behaviours. He has a history of depressive episodes and is currently on fluoxetine, an antidepressant, which was prescribed by his general practitioner for a recent depressive episode. There is no evidence of substance abuse or other medical conditions. What is the best management option for this patient?

A 45-year-old male patient with a history of schizophrenia is being evaluated in the psychiatric clinic. As part of a research study, a histogram depicting the distribution of his scores on a cognitive function test over multiple assessments is presented. The histogram shows a unimodal distribution with a right skew (positively skewed). What can be inferred from this histogram about the patient’s cognitive function scores?

A 16-year-old girl with a history of anorexia nervosa presents to the clinic. Over the past few weeks, her condition has deteriorated significantly. Upon examination, she displays the following symptoms. Which symptom is most concerning and warrants immediate hospitalisation?

A 22-year-old woman with a history of bulimia nervosa presents with noticeable swelling around her jaw. She has been engaging in frequent episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting.
Which of the following is the most likely cause of the swelling around her jaw?

A 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his friends. They report that he smoked a substance they believe to be synthetic cannabis. He is now exhibiting unusual behaviour and physical symptoms.
Which of the following is the most common presentation of synthetic cannabis intoxication?

A 68-year-old man presents with progressive cognitive decline, visual hallucinations, and fluctuating levels of alertness. His clinical presentation is suggestive of Lewy body dementia (LBD).
Which of the following genes is most commonly associated with Lewy body dementia?

A 19-year-old woman with a known history of anorexia nervosa presents with low blood pressure, episodes of fainting, and delusions.
Where is the best place to admit her?

A study on the demographics of homicide victims reveals patterns in the age of victims when the perpetrator is a woman.
What is the most common age group of victims of homicides committed by women?

A study investigates the average daily calorie intake of a sample of 50 participants. The sample has a mean daily calorie intake of 2,000 calories with a standard deviation of 300 calories. What is the standard error of the mean (SEM) for this sample?

A 45-year-old man with a history of alcohol use disorder is being considered for treatment with acamprosate.
Which of the following is true regarding the use of acamprosate in alcohol use disorder?

Which of the following statements about the prevalence of eating disorders in the UK is most accurate?

A 14-year-old boy is brought to therapy by his parents due to frequent aggressive outbursts at school and at home. During the initial session, the therapist observes that the parents often contradict each other in front of the child and undermine each other’s authority. The therapist decides to use strategic family therapy to address the issue. Which of the following interventions is most consistent with strategic family therapy?

A 28-year-old woman presents to therapy with symptoms of depression and anxiety. She reports a history of unstable relationships and difficulty managing her emotions. The therapist decides to use Cognitive Analytical Therapy (CAT) to help her. Which of the following best describes the first stage of CAT?

Which of the following best describes the concept of projective identification in psychoanalytic theory?

A 35-year-old female patient with a history of borderline personality disorder presents for her regular therapy session. During the session, she becomes increasingly agitated and accuses the therapist of not caring about her and being just like her neglectful parents. The therapist begins to feel unusually defensive and irritated, and later finds themselves thinking about the patient more than usual, even outside of sessions. Which of the following best describes the therapist’s experience?

Which of the following is an example of a neurotic defence mechanism?

Which of the following conditions is a non-degenerative cause of cognitive impairment?

A 35-year-old patient presents with formal thought disorder, inappropriate affect, and bizarre delusions. Which of the following cognitive tests is the patient most likely to show impairment in?

A 10-year-old boy with a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is being treated with clonidine. His parents report some improvement in his symptoms but are concerned about ongoing issues. Considering the pharmacological profile of clonidine, which of the following symptoms is clonidine least effective in treating?

A 45-year-old patient with treatment-resistant schizophrenia is being considered for clozapine therapy. The consultant psychiatrist references the findings of the CUtLASS (Cost Utility of the Latest Antipsychotic Drugs in Schizophrenia Study) study to support their decision. According to the CUtLASS study, which of the following statements is true?

A research team is conducting a study on the prevalence of anxiety disorders among patients attending a psychiatric clinic. They decide to include all the patients who attended the clinic during a specific week in their study. This method of sampling is best described as:

A 12-year-old boy presents to the clinic with a history of involuntary movements and vocalisations. His parents report that he sometimes mimics the movements of others, which they find particularly concerning. Upon examination, the psychiatrist notes various motor tics. Considering the types of tics, which of the following is classified as a complex tic?

A new psychological assessment tool has been developed to measure anxiety levels in patients. To establish the validity of this new tool, researchers compare its results with those of an established and widely accepted anxiety scale administered at the same time. This process is an example of:

A new psychological test has been developed to measure the construct of social anxiety. To establish the test’s validity, researchers compare its results with those of a test measuring a different construct, such as general intelligence, and find little to no correlation between the two. This process is an example of:

A new psychological assessment tool has been developed to estimate the likelihood of relapse in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) after they achieve remission. The tool is administered to a cohort of patients who have recently achieved remission, and the patients are then followed for two years to monitor for relapse. After the follow-up period, the researchers analyse the data to see if the initial scores on the new tool accurately indicated which patients relapsed. This process is an example of:

A clinical researcher is developing a new dementia assessment scale specifically designed for non-English speaking populations. To ensure the scale is appropriate for these populations, the researcher compares the new scale’s results with those of an established dementia scale that has been translated and culturally adapted for the same non-English speaking population. The researcher administers both scales to the same group of patients and analyses the correlation between the scores. This process is an example of:

A 12-year-old boy with a diagnosis of conduct disorder presents with severe aggression. He has recently attacked another child at school and set the bins on fire at home. His parents are extremely concerned about his escalating behaviour and seek urgent medical advice. Which of the following medications might be recommended to manage his aggression in the context of conduct disorder?

A 35-year-old woman with treatment-resistant depression is undergoing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as part of her treatment plan. After several sessions, she reports experiencing a particular side effect. Which of the following is a common side effect of rTMS?

In the design and analysis of a research study, various methods are employed to control for confounding factors to ensure the validity of the results. Which of the following methods is not responsible for removing confounding factors in a study?

A 72-year-old patient presents with symptoms of parkinsonism, visual hallucinations, memory loss, and a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 21/30. Considering the clinical presentation, which of the following medications is the most appropriate first-line management option?

A 68-year-old woman presents with symptoms of low mood, cognitive decline, and visual disturbances. Her family history is notable for multiple relatives who have suffered heart attacks at a young age. Considering these clinical features, which of the following conditions is most likely?

A 25-year-old man presents with progressive difficulty walking, slurred speech, and loss of coordination. He also reports scoliosis and has a family history of similar symptoms. On examination, he has diminished reflexes in the lower limbs and bilateral Babinski signs. Considering these clinical features, which of the following conditions is most likely?

A 58-year-old male presents with a history of recurrent headaches, three episodes of transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs), and some memory loss. Given the likely diagnosis, which of the following investigations is the most appropriate to confirm the diagnosis?

A 48-year-old male presents with a history of recurrent severe headaches, multiple episodes of transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs), and progressive memory loss. His father and paternal uncle had similar symptoms and were diagnosed with a genetic condition affecting the blood vessels in the brain. On neurological examination, he has mild cognitive impairment and hyperreflexia. Given the likely genetic condition, which of the following genetic tests would be most appropriate to confirm the diagnosis?

A clinical trial is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a new antidepressant medication. During the analysis phase, researchers perform various statistical tests to assess how robust their results are to changes in key assumptions and parameters. This process is known as:

A 60-year-old male with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is being considered for a new medication to manage his symptoms. In a recent clinical trial, 10 percent of patients receiving the new medication experienced severe gastrointestinal side effects, compared to 2 percent of patients receiving a placebo. Based on these findings, calculate the Number Needed to Harm (NNH) for the new medication.

A 60-year-old male with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is being considered for a new medication to manage his symptoms. In a recent clinical trial, 30 percent of patients receiving the new medication experienced a significant improvement in their symptoms, compared to 15 percent of patients receiving a placebo. Based on these findings, calculate the Number Needed to Treat (NNT) for the new medication.

A 28-year-old male is brought to the A&E department presenting with hypertension, tachycardia, profuse sweating, and hyperthermia. Upon further investigation, it is revealed that he has overdosed on citalopram. Which of the following symptoms is most likely to be associated with citalopram overdose?

A 28-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his friends who report that he has been behaving unusually for the past few hours. On examination, he is agitated, sweating profusely, and his pupils are dilated. He exhibits rapid speech, increased energy, and appears to be paranoid. His heart rate is 140 beats per minute, and his blood pressure is 160/100 mmHg. He admits to using a substance at a party but is vague about the details.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 45-year-old woman with a history of schizophrenia is brought to the emergency department by her family. Over the past two days, she has developed a high fever, muscle rigidity, confusion, and autonomic instability, including fluctuating blood pressure and tachycardia. On examination, she is diaphoretic and has a temperature of 39.5°C. Her creatine kinase (CK) levels are significantly elevated.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 34-year-old male with a history of major depressive disorder and schizophrenia presents to the emergency department with confusion, fever, and muscle rigidity. He has been on fluoxetine for his depression and recently started on haloperidol for his schizophrenia. On examination, he is diaphoretic, has a temperature of 38.9°C, a heart rate of 120 beats per minute, and blood pressure of 160/90 mmHg. His reflexes are brisk, and clonus is present. Laboratory tests reveal elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 70-year-old man presents to the memory clinic with his wife, who reports that he has been experiencing progressive memory loss, difficulty with language, and trouble recognising familiar faces over the past year. He also has a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. On examination, he demonstrates significant impairment in recalling recent events, naming objects, and following complex commands. His Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score is 18/30. MRI of the brain shows marked atrophy in the temporal and parietal lobes.
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A researcher is conducting a study to investigate the long-term effects of childhood trauma on adult mental health. They decide to use a retrospective cohort design, examining medical records and historical data to identify individuals who experienced trauma in childhood and comparing their mental health outcomes in adulthood to those who did not experience such trauma. Which of the following is an advantage of using a retrospective cohort design in this study?

A 45-year-old female patient with a history of major depressive disorder has been on a citalopram for the past six months. During a routine follow-up, an ECG reveals a prolonged QTc interval. The clinician suspects that this may be related to an electrolyte imbalance induced by the medication. Which of the following electrolyte abnormalities is most likely to be associated with a prolonged QTc interval in this patient?

A 28-year-old man with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) is undergoing mentalisation-based therapy (MBT). Recently, his girlfriend ended their relationship, leading him to experience intense emotions and impulsive behaviours. During a therapy session, he describes feeling abandoned and worthless, and he has been engaging in self-harm as a way to cope with his distress.
Which of the following therapeutic interventions is most consistent with the principles of mentalisation-based therapy (MBT) in helping this patient?

A clinical trial is conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a new antipsychotic medication for the treatment of schizophrenia. Participants are randomly assigned to either the new medication group or a placebo group. Some participants in both groups discontinue the treatment or switch to other medications during the trial. The researchers decide to use an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis to assess the outcomes.
Which of the following best describes an advantage of using an intention-to-treat analysis in this clinical trial?

A 12-year-old girl has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Her parents are deeply concerned and have sought help from a multidisciplinary team. The team recommends family therapy as a crucial part of her treatment plan. The goal is to involve the family in the treatment process to support the child’s recovery and address any family dynamics that may be contributing to the eating disorder.
Which type of family therapy is most appropriate for this patient?

A 30-year-old man with a long-standing history of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has not responded adequately to first-line treatments, including citalopram and cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). His psychiatrist is considering the next pharmacological step to manage his treatment-resistant OCD.
Which medication should be chosen as the next step after citalopram and CBT have been unsuccessful?

A researcher is conducting a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the efficacy of a new antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia. To ensure the study’s findings are robust and reliable, the researcher is particularly concerned about maintaining high internal validity.
Which of the following best describes a strategy that would enhance the internal validity of this RCT?

A study shows that a new drug reduced the relapse rate by half when compared with a placebo, but the result was not statistically significant. Which of the following actions could potentially improve the statistical significance of the study results?

In a study involving 25 students, the average study time is 100 minutes with a standard deviation (SD) of 25 minutes. What is the standard error of the mean (SEM)?

A 35-year-old woman presents with a persistent delusional belief that a well-known public figure is in love with her and has been sending her secret messages through television broadcasts. Despite no evidence to support her belief, she has attempted to contact the public figure multiple times, leading to legal issues. Considering the gender ratio for patients with erotomania who end up under forensic services, which of the following statements is most accurate?

Which of the following demographics is most commonly associated with achieving suicide?

A 45-year-old man presents to the psychiatric clinic with symptoms of major depressive disorder. A recent study investigated the association between smoking and the development of major depressive disorder. The study found that out of 200 smokers, 60 developed major depressive disorder, while out of 300 non-smokers, 30 developed the disorder. What is the odds ratio (OR) for developing major depressive disorder in smokers compared to non-smokers?

A 32-year-old man with a history of violent behaviour is being assessed for his risk of future violence using the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG). Which of the following factors is NOT included in the VRAG assessment?

In the context of forensic psychiatry, which of the following is considered the best predictor of future violent behaviour?

Which of the following illicit substances is most commonly associated with the most significant physical dependence?

A 12-year-old child who was frequently criticised by their parents during their upbringing has developed a pattern of intense self-criticism and low self-esteem. According to cognitive theory, which type of schema is most likely to have developed in this child?

You have collected data on three variables from a sample, and the data is non-normally distributed. Assuming the variables are continuous, which of the following statistical tests is best suited for analysing the relationships between these three variables?

A researcher is studying the effectiveness of three different types of therapy (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Psychodynamic Therapy, and Mindfulness-Based Therapy) on reducing anxiety levels in patients with Generalised Anxiety Disorder. The anxiety levels are measured using a continuous anxiety score. The data collected is non-normally distributed. Which statistical test should the researcher use to compare the effectiveness of the three therapies?

A researcher is investigating the relationship between smoking status (smoker vs. non-smoker) and the presence of a specific psychiatric disorder (present vs. absent) in a sample of 200 patients. The data collected is categorical. Which statistical test should the researcher use to analyse the relationship between these two categorical variables?

A 65-year-old patient is diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Which of the following speech abnormalities is most commonly associated with this condition?

A researcher is studying the effects of a new antidepressant medication on depressive symptoms in a group of 30 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder. The depressive symptoms are measured using a continuous depression scale before and after a 12-week treatment period. The data is normally distributed. Which statistical test should the researcher use to compare the pre-treatment and post-treatment depression scores?

A clinical trial is conducted to compare the effectiveness of a new antipsychotic medication to a standard antipsychotic medication in preventing relapse in patients with schizophrenia. The time to relapse is measured over a 12-month period. The data is analysed using a Cox proportional hazards model. Which of the following best describes the interpretation of the hazard ratio (HR) obtained from this analysis?

A 28-year-old man presents to the sleep clinic with sudden episodes of muscle weakness triggered by strong emotions, such as laughter or surprise. He remains conscious during these episodes. Which of the following is the most common cause of cataplexy?

A 45-year-old woman with severe psychotic depression is being considered for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) due to her lack of response to medications. What is the approximate remission rate for psychotic depression with ECT?

A 30-year-old man with alcohol dependence is reluctant to engage in treatment. His therapist uses motivational interviewing (MI) to help him explore his ambivalence about change. One of the key techniques used is “rolling with resistance.” Which of the following best describes this technique?

A 25-year-old woman with a specific phobia of spiders is undergoing therapy to help her manage her fear. The therapist uses a treatment approach that involves creating a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli and gradually exposing the patient to these stimuli in a controlled manner. Which of the following treatment approaches is being used?

A 30-year-old woman with borderline personality disorder (BPD) attends group psychotherapy sessions. During one of the sessions, she is asked to consider what her boyfriend might have been thinking when he acted a certain way the previous night. Which type of therapy is most likely being used in this scenario?

Cataplexy is most likely to occur in association with which of the following?

Which of the following statements regarding the dosage of clozapine is correct?

A 75-year-old male with a diagnosis of mild dementia is seeking information about whether taking aspirin will prevent the progression of his condition. Which of the following is the most appropriate response?

Which of the following conditions is not considered degenerative?

Which of the following factors is associated with a good prognosis in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

A 30-year-old intellectually disabled resident at a care home is demonstrating self-harming behaviour by head banging and is lashing out at staff. What is the best initial step in managing this situation?

A 45-year-old male with treatment-resistant schizophrenia is being treated with clozapine. He reports significant sialorrhea (excessive salivation), which is distressing and affecting his quality of life. What is the best pharmacotherapy option to manage this side effect?

A 35-year-old female patient with schizophrenia has been experiencing severe restlessness and an inability to stay still after starting a new antipsychotic medication. She describes an inner sense of agitation and discomfort. What is the best treatment for her akathisia?

A 50-year-old male patient with schizophrenia is being treated with flupenthixol. He presents with a lack of facial expressions (mask-like face) and excessive salivation. What is the best medication to manage these side effects?

Which of the following is considered a poor prognostic factor in schizophrenia?

A 65-year-old male with a history of renal transplant presents with progressive cognitive decline, motor dysfunction, and visual disturbances. MRI reveals multifocal white matter lesions. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 25-year-old male with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) resides in a care home. He becomes visibly distressed and struggles to cope when his family visits. What is the best initial intervention to help reduce his distress during family visits?

A 6-year-old boy with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is attending a new therapy session at a clinic. He becomes anxious and distressed when transitioning between activities. What is the best intervention to help reduce his anxiety during transitions?

A 70-year-old patient presents with dementia symptoms. Three months previously, they received a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease from a neurologist. What is the most likely condition?

A 65-year-old patient presents with pill-rolling tremors and disinhibition. What is the most likely underlying protein aggregate?