Paper B Mock Exam 5

A 30-year-old woman was brought to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of a drug overdose. She has been on citalopram for her depression and also has a history of using over-the-counter diphenhydramine for insomnia. On the ECG, what changes are most likely to be seen as a result of intoxication with these medications?

A 45-year-old man with a long-standing history of alcohol misuse presents to the emergency department. He reports that he has decided to stop drinking “cold turkey” and wants to know what to expect in terms of withdrawal symptoms. Based on his history, when is the onset of uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal symptoms most likely to occur after cessation of alcohol?

According to the diagnostic criteria set by DSM-5 and ICD-11, what is the cutoff age for the presence of symptoms for a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) to be made?

A 75-year-old man with a history of dementia has recently developed hallucinations and paranoia. Based on the current guidelines and clinical evidence, which of the following would be the most appropriate first-line treatment?

A 55-year-old man with a history of hypertension and smoking presents with a complaint of difficulty understanding spoken words. He can hear sounds clearly and knows that someone is speaking, but cannot comprehend the meaning of the words. What type of dysphasia is this scenario most likely indicative of?

A 62-year-old woman presents to the clinic with a recent onset of speech changes. Despite speaking fluently and grammatically correct, her sentences are filled with unrelated words and phrases making them meaningless. This change is causing her significant distress and impairing her communication. Based on the provided scenario, what type of dysphasia is she most likely experiencing?

A 70-year-old man with a history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus presents with a complaint of recent difficulty with speech. He is able to understand what is being said to him, and he can speak fluently. However, he struggles significantly when asked to repeat phrases or sentences. Which type of dysphasia is most likely indicated in this scenario?

A recent meta-analysis on the efficacy of agomelatine versus placebo in the treatment of depression uses a forest plot to present its findings. Notably, the study includes both published and unpublished trials. Which of the following best describes a particular strength of this meta-analysis approach?

In a forest plot representing the findings of a meta-analysis, what is true about the effect size and the visual representation of the study results?

A 17-year-old boy presents with acute confusion. His blood tests and CT scan are normal, and there is no mention of fever. What is the most appropriate initial step in the evaluation of this patient?

In a research study examining the relationship between social support and depressive symptoms, which graphical representation would be most suitable to depict the correlation between these two variables?

In a scatter plot graph representing the relationship between two variables, the line of best fit has been drawn and the correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r) is calculated as 0.7. What does the line of best fit indicate about the correlation between these variables?

A researcher is investigating the relationship between stress levels and symptoms of anxiety in a sample of 100 participants. Which statistical test would be most appropriate to analyze this relationship?

A research study aims to compare the occurrence of stroke in two groups: one group receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and another group not receiving ECT. Which statistical test would be most appropriate for comparing the categorical data on stroke presence between these two groups?

In a research study, patients are categorized into different age groups, such as 35-50, 50-60, and so on. What type of data is represented by these age groups?

In a psychiatric assessment, the presence or absence of a risk assessment conducted for each patient is recorded. What type of data is represented by the documentation of risk assessment?

In the context of dangerous driving, what is it most commonly linked to among psychiatric conditions?

A 3-year-old child presents with severe learning difficulties, hypertelorism (increased distance between the eyes), and excessive vocalizations, including a high-pitched cry. Which genetic disorder is most likely associated with these clinical features?

A 4-year-old girl presents with developmental regression, loss of purposeful hand skills, stereotypical hand movements (such as hand-wringing or hand-washing), and severe communication impairments. Which gene mutation is most commonly associated with these clinical features?

In statistical analysis, which test is appropriate for comparing two independent groups and does not require the assumption of normal distribution?

In the context of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), what is the purpose of the pretreatment phase?

In children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), what is the most common comorbidity observed alongside the condition?

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon in which individuals with learning disabilities (LD) experience their psychiatric symptoms being attributed solely to their intellectual impairment, leading to a potential underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis of psychiatric disorders?

A bipolar patient who was previously stable on olanzapine discontinues the medication and subsequently experiences relapses characterized by depressive symptoms. What would be the most appropriate course of action in managing this situation?

What is the definition of the standard error of the mean (SEM)?

In a population, it is observed that the number of new cases of dementia is slowly declining over time, while people are living longer with the disease. What can be concluded based on this information?

A 30-year-old man presents with speech difficulties, gait issues, nystagmus, and a family history of similar problems in his grandfather, who died at the age of 41 from a myocardial infarction. What is the most likely diagnosis based on these findings?

A doctor conducts an audit in a department, presents the results, and then performs a re-audit after a few months. What crucial step is typically missing in this audit loop?

A patient presents with progressive cognitive decline, executive dysfunction, gait abnormalities, and extensive white matter changes on brain imaging. What is the most likely diagnosis based on these findings?

In a dataset consisting of the following values: 2, 4, 6, 4, 2, 8, 2, 4, 10, 4, what is the mode?

In psychiatric research, which of the following is a recognized strength of a case-control study design?

A 26-year-old woman is referred to the outpatient psychiatric clinic because of symptoms of chronic worry and anxiety. She describes feelings of restlessness, increased irritability, and concentration difficulties for the past year. Recently, she reports becoming more anxious around her colleagues, mentioning a specific incident when a new colleague looked at her “in a strange way”. She stated, “When I saw him, I knew he had bad intentions.” This particular thought is an example of which cognitive distortion?

A 28-year-old software engineer presents to the psychiatry clinic with depressive symptoms for the past 6 months. He mentions a recent interaction with his boss, who had given him feedback on his latest project. The boss praised him for the excellent programming he did, but also mentioned that the project was submitted a bit later than the deadline. Despite the positive feedback, the engineer keeps ruminating on the fact that his project was late, ignoring the praise he received for his work. This scenario is an example of which cognitive distortion?

A 35-year-old woman is seeking psychiatric consultation for recurrent depressive episodes. She has been struggling with her weight and has recently started a diet program. During one of her sessions, she mentions, “I was doing well with the diet, but I had a nice meal today so I will be obese.” This statement is indicative of which cognitive distortion?

A 19-year-old college student visits the university mental health clinic. He has been feeling low and irritable for the past few months. He recently received an ‘A’ on an exam but comments, “I got an ‘A’ on this exam, but it doesn’t mean I’m intelligent.” This statement best exemplifies which cognitive distortion?

A 72-year-old man presents to the memory clinic with concerns about his forgetfulness. He has been misplacing items frequently, forgetting appointments, and struggling with remembering recent conversations. His wife is concerned as she also noticed these changes. You want to differentiate between mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Which of the following is the most useful tool to help differentiate between the two conditions?

A researcher is conducting a study to examine the efficacy of a novel antidepressant. To reduce potential bias and ensure an equal number of participants in both the treatment group and the control group, he uses a specific method to allocate participants. What is the term for this type of participant allocation?

A research team is conducting a study on the effectiveness of a new cognitive-behavioral intervention for treatment-resistant depression. The sample size includes a wide age range. To ensure equal representation of different age groups in both the treatment and control groups, the researchers use a specific method for participant allocation. What is this method called?

Dr. Laura Smith is a psychiatrist working in a clinic that recently introduced a novel medication for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (TRMD). The medication, called NeuroRecover-X, has shown in studies to significantly decrease the mortality rate in patients with TRMD by reducing suicide rates, but does not actually improve symptom remission rates. Considering this new introduction, what epidemiological change would Dr. Smith likely observe in her patient population?

Dr. James Peterson is a research psychiatrist studying the relationship between severity of depressive symptoms and level of cognitive impairment in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). He measures severity of depression using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and cognitive impairment using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). He then uses Pearson correlation to determine the relationship between the two variables. Which of the following Pearson correlation coefficient (r) values would indicate a strong correlation between HDRS scores and MoCA scores?

A 32-year-old male patient with schizophrenia who has been on olanzapine for the past six months presents with complaints of episodic shaking, tingling, and numbness prior to the episodes, with no loss of consciousness. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient’s new symptoms?

Dr. Thompson is treating a 35-year-old male patient with a mild learning disability (LD) and moderate attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He is considering the best treatment options for the patient. Which of the following options should be Dr. Thompson’s first approach?

Dr. Adams has a 45-year-old patient with treatment-resistant schizophrenia who has been on clozapine for the past three months. Despite this treatment, the patient continues to experience auditory hallucinations. What should Dr. Adams consider as the next step in management?

According to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines, which of the following interventions is considered a valid treatment approach for patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

A psychiatrist, is comparing the therapeutic modalities Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for the management of treatment-resistant depression. Which of the following statements regarding ECT and rTMS is correct?

Dr. Jones is considering Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) for a patient with treatment-resistant depression. Based on the available literature, what is the approximate remission rate associated with ECT in this population?

Despite showing several classic symptoms of MDD, the patient’s screening test came back negative. This is an example of which type of test result?

A clinical psychiatrist is evaluating a new diagnostic tool for diagnosing bipolar disorder. The test was administered to a cohort of 1000 people suspected of having bipolar disorder. The results show that 400 tested positive and 600 tested negative for the disorder. Upon further examination and clinical assessment, it was found that 350 of those who tested positive actually had bipolar disorder, and 550 of those who tested negative did not have bipolar disorder. What is the negative predictive value (NPV) of this diagnostic test?

A psychiatrist is asked to assess a patient’s testamentary capacity. According to legal and psychiatric standards, which of the following is necessary for a person to possess testamentary capacity?

A 72-year-old male with a known diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease presents to your clinic with a two-month history of low mood, decreased interest in activities, and fatigue. He reports no recent changes in his Parkinson’s medication. What should be the most appropriate initial step in the management of this patient?

A 16-year-old adolescent is diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). She is excessively concerned about a perceived flaw in her appearance, which others hardly notice. This preoccupation is causing her significant distress and is impacting her social and academic functioning. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the prognosis and impact of BDD in adolescents?

A 28-year-old male patient sustained a severe head injury in a motor vehicle accident six months ago. Which of the following psychiatric conditions is he most likely at increased risk of developing as a sequelae of his head injury?

A 28-year-old pregnant woman is concerned about potential risk factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in her unborn child. She is a smoker and has been unable to quit despite several attempts. Which of the following statements is true regarding maternal smoking and ASD risk?

A group of researchers is planning to conduct a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials examining the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating panic disorder. Which of the following statements about the use of QUORUM (Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses) is most accurate?

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the role of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) in Dr. Allen’s work?

In a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing the efficacy of antipsychotics versus placebo in the treatment of a specific psychiatric condition, two groups of patients were allocated to either the antipsychotics group or the placebo group. Out of the patients initially allocated to the antipsychotics group, 15 of them changed their minds and decided not to receive treatment before starting. How should you proceed with the analysis of the trial results?

In a randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigating the efficacy of a new antidepressant medication compared to placebo in the treatment of major depressive disorder, which of the following best describes an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis?

Interpersonal therapy (IPT) is a psychotherapeutic approach commonly used in the treatment of depression. What is the primary focus of interpersonal therapy for a person with depression?

The co-occurrence of social anxiety and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is often observed in clinical practice. Which of the following statements about social anxiety and ASD is most accurate?

Which of the following is associated with amotivational syndrome?

Which of the following is an essential criterion according to the ICD-11 for the diagnosis of factitious disorder?

A 22-year-old male patient presents to your clinic with first episode psychosis characterized by significant positive symptoms. Upon examination and medical history review, you note that the patient has a known cardiac problem, specifically a history of long QT syndrome. Which antipsychotic would be most suitable for this patient?

Which of the following strategies is MOST effective as a universal prevention strategy against alcohol dependence?

A recent study evaluated the benefit-cost ratio of a specific intervention for alcohol dependence, separately for men and women. The benefit-cost ratio for women was found to be 0.3, while for men it was 17.9. Which of the following is the correct interpretation of these findings?

A 23-year-old male patient presents with positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Family members report an insidious onset of symptoms over the past year. Considering this information, how is the insidious onset of symptoms likely to impact the Duration of Untreated Psychosis (DUP) and subsequent prognosis?

As a psychiatrist following the recovery model, you are conducting an assessment of a patient with schizophrenia. The recovery model emphasizes the patient’s strengths and their role in their own care. Which of the following measures does NOT align with this model’s approach?

John, a 65-year-old retired teacher with a known diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease, has been experiencing auditory hallucinations and harboring delusional thoughts. After evaluation, you diagnose him with late-onset schizophrenia and decide to start an antipsychotic medication. Which of the following antipsychotics would be the most appropriate choice for John?

In your memory clinic, you recently evaluated a 73-year-old retired chemist named Arthur. He has been diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and is interested in understanding his risk of progressing to Alzheimer’s disease over the next year. What would be your most accurate estimate?

Richard, a 46-year-old hospital patient, has a documented history of bipolar affective disorder and is on no current medication. Currently, he is experiencing a severe depressive episode. Which of the following would be the most suitable pharmacological treatment for him?

Maria, a 32-year-old woman with a prior diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, is currently 30 weeks pregnant. You are seeing her in your perinatal mental health outpatient clinic and observe signs indicative of a psychotic relapse. She is presently not on any psychotropic medications. Which medication would be the most suitable for her in this situation?

In your substance misuse clinic, you meet with Greg, a 56-year-old retired professional basketball player, who has a history of alcohol addiction. He has maintained sobriety for the past five years but is anxious about his growing cravings for alcohol, particularly after a stressful divorce. He inquires if there’s any medication that can help manage his cravings. Which medication would you recommend?

In your outpatient clinic, you encounter Jamie, a 31-year-old individual with a history of paranoid schizophrenia. Following a relapse of his illness last year, he was admitted to an inpatient mental health facility. Since his discharge, he has been adhering to his prescribed antipsychotic medication (aripiprazole 30mg daily) and is actively engaged with mental health services. He expresses a desire to resume driving and wants to know when this would be possible. What advice would you provide?

You are a psychiatrist, asked to consult on the medical ward for John, a 62-year-old man with a history of alcohol addiction. During your evaluation, you find that John has experienced multiple falls due to imbalance, complains of blurry vision, and seems disoriented. Based on these symptoms, what medication would you prescribe for John?

During a research methodology session, you are presented with a diagnostic study for a new tool designed to predict the development of psychosis in adolescents. The tool’s sensitivity and specificity are given, along with the prevalence of psychosis in the general adolescent population. Which statistical tool would be most appropriate to calculate the post-test probability?

In your psychiatric clinic, you’ve noticed variations in post-test probability estimates for depression across different regions, ranging from clinics with a 15% prevalence rate to those with a 45% prevalence rate. What is the most likely explanation for this discrepancy?

During your research study about the efficacy of a new antidepressant, you gather data from several studies to perform a meta-analysis. In order to visually assess the possibility of publication bias in your meta-analysis, which of the following statistical diagrams should you employ?

During your research study on the correlation between certain environmental factors and depressive disorders, you’ve collected data from numerous studies for a meta-analysis. To visually assess the degree of heterogeneity among these studies, which of the following statistical diagrams would be the most useful?

In your clinical research study evaluating the efficacy of a new therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), you are analyzing the data distribution of the improvement scores. If you want to identify the range within which approximately 99.7% of your data points would fall in a normally distributed dataset, you would consider the mean score plus or minus how many standard deviations?

In the context of a clinical trial assessing the impact of a new mood stabilizer on preventing manic episodes in patients with bipolar disorder, you compare the outcomes between the new drug group and the placebo group. The proportion of patients who remained episode-free for one year in the placebo group is 30%, while in the new drug group, this proportion is 45%. How would you compute the absolute increase in benefit due to the new drug?

You are evaluating a novel antipsychotic medication in a randomized controlled trial involving patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. The new medication has shown promising results in preclinical studies. Based on your clinical trial data, 60% of patients who received the new antipsychotic medication had significant improvement in their symptoms after 6 months, compared to 40% in the control group who were given a standard antipsychotic. How would you determine the number of patients you need to treat with the new medication to achieve symptom improvement in one additional patient?

A clinical trial is conducted to investigate the effect of a new drug on reducing the severity of depressive symptoms. In the trial, 80 out of 200 patients who took the new drug experienced significant symptom reduction, while 30 out of 150 patients in the control group (who took a placebo) had significant symptom reduction. Using these results, how would you calculate the odds ratio for symptom reduction in the treatment group compared to the control group?

A clinical trial is conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a new treatment in reducing the recurrence of a specific condition. In the trial, 80 out of 200 patients who received the new treatment experienced a recurrence, while 40 out of 150 patients in the control group (who did not receive the treatment) had a recurrence. Using this data, how would you calculate the risk ratio for recurrence in the treatment group compared to the control group?

John, a 46-year-old male, demonstrates signs of moderate alcohol dependence but displays no severe physical repercussions. Accompanied by his spouse, he makes his initial visit to the community substance abuse clinic. He expresses interest in a medicinal approach to help mitigate his alcohol cravings. Which therapeutic plan would be most beneficial for him?

Emily, a 34-year-old woman, has been admitted to the psychiatric ward. She exhibits symptoms of a severe depressive episode. Her medical history indicates a single instance of mania in the past. Which medication would be most effective in managing her current condition?

During a routine examination at your Paediatric Neurodevelopment clinic, you assess 5-year-old Mason, who exhibits a severe cognitive disability. Upon physical examination, Mason has a thin, delicate facial structure. He is quite expressive and engaging in his interactions, showing a high level of affection. His parents share that he often struggles with feelings of anxiety. His teacher’s report indicates that he tends to be restless, easily distracted, and struggles with visuospatial and motor skills in class. Which syndrome might you consider in his diagnosis?

Which genetic variant of Down syndrome typically presents with milder features and less cognitive impairment in comparison to other variants?

Which among the following is NOT traditionally associated with narcolepsy?

Which among the following mental health conditions has the most significant correlation with illness anxiety disorder, formerly known as hypochondriasis?

You’re conducting a routine examination in your outpatient clinic for Samuel, a 65-year-old man employed at a local liquor store. Samuel reports needing to take sick leave due to sudden onset of worrying symptoms. He mentions experiencing several falls resulting from unsteady balance. He has also been struggling with reading price tags, citing blurry vision. His family has noticed a decline in his mental clarity, observing that he often appears disoriented and perplexed. Given Samuel’s symptoms, what is the most likely diagnosis?

On a general hospital ward, you are assessing Michael, a 48-year-old man with a harmful pattern of alcohol consumption. In discussing his alcohol use, Michael acknowledges the adverse effects of his drinking and expresses readiness to alter his behavior. According to the stages of alcohol recovery, which phase is Michael currently in?

In which form of psychotherapy are the concepts of ‘snags’ and ‘dilemmas’ integral?

The HCR-20 is a widely used tool for structured clinical risk assessment, specifically regarding the risk of violent behavior. What does the HCR-20 acronym stand for and which components does it evaluate?

You are reviewing a 70-year-old patient, Thomas, who has been experiencing balance issues over the past year. He has fallen several times and recently his family has noticed changes in his personality, with him becoming increasingly apathetic. Thomas also complains of difficulty with his vision, especially when he tries to look downward. Based on these symptoms, what is the most likely diagnosis?

A 75-year-old man, Albert, is brought to your clinic by his family. They report that over the last six months, he has been experiencing vivid visual hallucinations. Additionally, Albert has been having difficulties with memory and cognitive skills. His family also noticed that he has developed a shuffling gait, with occasional tremors in his hands. His symptoms fluctuate throughout the day. Based on these observations, which is the most probable diagnosis?

Robert, a 72-year-old man with a history of uncontrolled hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, presents to your clinic with his daughter. She has observed her father gradually becoming forgetful, displaying difficulties in concentration, and having slow, short, shuffling steps. Recently, Robert had an episode of urinary incontinence. His speech seems normal but he often lacks content in his conversation. Neuroimaging shows diffuse white matter changes and multiple small infarcts. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

In your psychiatry clinic, you meet with a 25-year-old professional dancer named Maria. Maria has been preoccupied with a perceived flaw in her leg shape, which she describes as grossly misshapen and disfigured, though in reality, her legs appear perfectly normal. Despite reassurances from multiple sources, Maria is convinced of her defect. She spends hours daily examining and comparing her legs and has even contemplated quitting her career due to the distress. Given that her symptoms fulfill the criteria, what is the most suitable initial approach to managing Maria’s condition?

You’re a psychiatrist consulting in a hospital and are called to assess a 58-year-old woman, Mrs. Kelly, who was recently diagnosed with breast cancer. She reports experiencing significant emotional distress for the past three weeks, manifesting as tearfulness, difficulty sleeping, and feelings of hopelessness. She does not have any prior history of psychiatric illness and is highly functional at work and in her relationships. Her symptoms seem to directly correlate with her cancer diagnosis. What is the most appropriate management approach for Mrs. Kelly?

You are a psychiatrist conducting a fitness-for-duty evaluation for a police officer, Officer Jacobs. Officer Jacobs has been off duty for the past three months, claiming severe lower back pain following an on-duty injury. However, multiple examinations and imaging studies have not revealed any significant findings to explain his reported pain. Additionally, his reports of pain severity have been highly inconsistent. During your evaluation, he mentions potentially receiving a large settlement if deemed unfit to return to work. Based on the information provided, which of the following is the most likely explanation for Officer Jacobs’ behavior?

You are a psychiatrist conducting a research study on the prevalence of bipolar disorder among different ethnic groups in a large urban population. Given that you aim to ensure adequate representation from each ethnic group within your sample, which sampling method is the most suitable for your study?

In a study assessing the impact of a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention on adolescents with anxiety disorders, the researchers use a combination of structured interviews, self-report questionnaires, and teacher reports to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Which of the following best describes the researchers’ methodological approach?

A research study is evaluating the relationship between excessive internet use and development of depressive symptoms among college students. After accounting for potential confounders, the study found a statistically significant association between the two variables. Which of the following could be an example of a confounder in this study?

A research team is conducting a study on the diagnostic accuracy of a novel self-reported scale for detecting Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) among adult primary care patients. The sensitivity and specificity of the scale were calculated and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed. Given an ROC curve with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.85 and a selected cut-off point that yields a sensitivity of 0.80 and a specificity of 0.75, which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of these results?

The Smith family has two children, both of whom have been diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). They are expecting another child who they know is going to be male. Based on this information, what is the approximate risk of the incoming child also being diagnosed with ASD?

Dr. Johnson is conducting a study evaluating a new psychological test that measures anxiety levels in adolescents. She administers the test to a group of participants and then re-administers the same test to the same group two weeks later. The correlation coefficient between the two sets of scores is 0.85. Which of the following statements best describes this scenario?

Which of the following best defines the concept of ‘content validity’ in the context of psychiatric assessment tools?

Which of the following best describes the concept of ‘concurrent validity’ in the context of psychiatric assessment tools?

Which of the following is a core feature of dementia with Lewy bodies?

Which of the following statements is most accurate about late-onset schizophrenia?

Which of the following statements is most accurate about early-onset schizophrenia?

A 48-year-old man with a chronic history of alcohol misuse is brought to A&E by his friends as they are concerned about him being unwell. He is later diagnosed with Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Which of the following symptom clusters is he most likely to have presented with?

A young man, known to experience psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, is staying in an inpatient psychiatric facility. Following a clinical team meeting, staff notice him in the communal area of the ward exhibiting convulsive movements, appearing to be undergoing a seizure-like episode. Which one of the following characteristics would most likely indicate this event to be an epileptic seizure as opposed to a non-epileptic one?

Sarah, a 55-year-old woman, has recently received a diagnosis for a disorder causing her to demonstrate excessive motor activity during her sleep cycle, specifically identified as Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep disorder. Which condition is this diagnosis most commonly associated with?

Jason, a 12-year-old boy, has been diagnosed with conduct disorder. Despite having normal cognitive abilities and no diagnosis of ADHD, his behavioural issues persist even after his family participated in multi-systemic therapy, yielding only minimal improvement. His disruptive behavior includes instigating fights at school, causing harm to the family pet, and recently setting a fire in a trash can near his house. Which one of the following medications would be most appropriate to consider for Jason’s case?

Josie a 35-year-old woman, has been attending psychodynamic psychotherapy for a couple of months due to persistent symptoms of anxiety and low mood. Despite the sessions seeming emotionally challenging yet therapeutically beneficial, she abruptly sends a letter to her therapist, stating that she no longer needs their help. What psychological defense mechanism is she most likely employing?

Among the various mood stabilizers used for bipolar disorder, which one has been linked with the most significant reduction in attempted and completed suicide risk?

A 28-year-old man diagnosed with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), has been receiving cognitive-behavioral therapy. As therapy progresses, he finds himself developing feelings of attraction towards his therapist. In response to these feelings, he decides to channel his energy into joining a gym. What psychological defense mechanism is the man most likely utilizing?

Ms. Porter, a 35-year-old woman suffering from chronic depression. Ms. Porter is often irritable and, despite being angry at her boss for unfair treatment at work, she tends to suppress her feelings. Instead, she comes home and argues with her children over minor issues. Which psychological defense mechanism is Ms. Porter most likely employing?

Sophie, a 28-year-old female, is on the path to recovery following her first psychotic episode, which was managed with risperidone. However, she has experienced substantial weight gain of over 12kg in the last three months and is now presenting with elevated lipid levels. She is considering switching to an alternative antipsychotic. Which one of the following antipsychotic medications is associated with the least likelihood of causing metabolic syndrome?

Muhammad, a 32-year-old male patient with treatment-resistant schizophrenia, has recently begun a course of Clozapine. He informs his healthcare coordinator that he’s been feeling unwell generally. The subsequent blood tests reveal a neutrophil count of 5 x109/L and a CRP of 60mg/L. As the physician on-call for the team, what is the most suitable subsequent investigation to conduct?

Which of the following statements best describes the epidemiological features of postpartum psychosis?

Which of the following factors associated with postpartum psychosis has the highest likelihood of leading to suicidal ideation and attempts in affected women?

A clinical researcher is designing a new study and is concerned about the potential of either failing to detect a true effect of an intervention or mistakenly concluding that there’s an effect when none exists. Which of the following concepts directly relates to the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis?

Which of the following best describes the primary advantage of utilizing confidence intervals over p-values in the interpretation of research data?

In regression analysis, when examining the relationship between multiple independent variables and a binary outcome (e.g., disease present or absent), which type of regression is most appropriate?

In the context of clinical trials, when analyzing data using an Intention to Treat (ITT) approach and handling missing data, which of the following strategies involves creating multiple sets of plausible data to replace missing values?

Regarding the use of meta-analysis in medical research, which of the following best describes its primary role and inherent limitation?

In the context of meta-analysis, which of the following best differentiates between fixed-effect and random-effects models?

In the context of meta-analysis, what best describes the role of sensitivity analysis?

Which of the following best describes the rationale for using Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY) or Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY)?

In basic health economics, which of the following best describes the rationale for discounting future health benefits and costs?

In economic evaluation, which of the following best describes the term ‘sensitivity analysis’?

When considering the application of qualitative research methodologies, which of the following statements best describes the appropriate scenario for using a phenomenological approach?

In qualitative research, when a researcher seeks to select participants based on specific characteristics or qualities that support the aim of the study, which sampling approach is being employed?

In qualitative research methodologies, which of the following is a commonly employed technique for gathering data that involves a moderated group discussion to gain insights into participants’ perceptions, feelings, and thinking about a particular topic?

In qualitative research, which of the following methods is utilized to ensure the validity and credibility of the gathered data by comparing results from different sources or methods to determine if they converge on the same truth?

In qualitative research, which method is commonly employed by researchers to acknowledge and minimize the influence of their own biases, assumptions, and beliefs on the study results?

In qualitative research, which method involves systematically identifying, coding, and categorizing the main themes or patterns within the data?

In qualitative research, what best describes the concept of “data saturation”?

Which of the following best describes a limitation of medical guidelines and protocols?

Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of the STARD (Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy) statement?

Which of the following statements best describes the primary purpose of the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statement?

Which of the following statements regarding the QUORUM (Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses) statement is NOT accurate?

When critically appraising a randomized controlled trial (RCT) for its methodological quality, which of the following factors is MOST crucial in determining the internal validity of the trial?

In the context of patient-centered care, which of the following is the MOST effective strategy to ensure a patient can make a genuinely informed decision about their treatment options?

Which of the following best describes the “Study” phase in the PDSA (Plan, Do, Study, Act) cycle for quality improvement?

In the context of clinical governance, which of the following best describes the primary implication of conducting regular clinical audits?

In the context of a quality improvement project, which of the following best represents a component of the Nolan question set?

Which of the following is a likely sequelae following a head injury in a 10-year-old child?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature suggestive of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) rather than epileptic seizures?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the automatism observed during an epileptic seizure?