General Psychiatric Disorders Exam (Part 2)

Which of the following is NOT an example of a stress-related disorder?

Acute stress reaction
Adjustment disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Bipolar disorder
None of the above

What is the approximate prevalence of experiencing symptoms of acute stress reactions following extreme stress?

5-10%
15-20%
25-30%
35-40%
45-50%

What is the duration of an acute stress reaction?

Hours or days
Weeks
Months
Years
None of the above

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of an acute stress reaction?

Social withdrawal
Disorientation
Aggression
Hypomania
Excessive grief

In the context of acute stress reactions, what does “mild” severity indicate?

No symptoms present
Two symptoms present
Four symptoms present
Dissociative stupor
None of the above

What is the typical outcome for acute stress reactions once the stressor has been eliminated?

Symptoms worsen
Symptoms persist
Symptoms resolve within a few hours
Symptoms resolve within a few weeks
None of the above

How long do symptoms of acute stress reactions usually last if the stress persists?

12 hours
24-48 hours
72 hours
A week
None of the above

What is the primary focus of treatment for acute stress reactions?

Medication
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
No special management or treatment
Support groups
None of the above

How soon must adjustment disorders develop following a specific psychosocial stressor according to ICD-10?

Within one week
Within one month
Within three months
Within six months
None of the above

In general hospital environments, what is the approximate prevalence of adjustment disorders?

0.01
0.05
0.1
0.2
None of the above

What is the primary treatment approach for adjustment disorders?

Medication
Supportive psychotherapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Group therapy
None of the above

What percentage of patients with adjustment disorder show recovery after a 5-year follow-up according to the text?

0.2
0.4
0.5
0.7
None of the above

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for poor outcome in adjustment disorders?

Poor psychosocial functioning
Stable relationships
Prior psychiatric issues
Substance abuse
Mixed mood/behavioral symptoms

What is the main stressor in general hospital environments for adjustment disorders?

Financial issues
Relationship problems
Physical illness
Job loss
None of the above

According to DSM-5, what is the maximum duration for an acute adjustment disorder?

Less than three months
Less than six months
More than six months
There is no specified duration
None of the above

In the context of adjustment disorders, what is the primary aim of supportive psychotherapy?

To eliminate the stressor
To improve coping mechanisms
To diagnose underlying psychiatric conditions
To provide medication management
None of the above

How soon must adjustment disorders develop following a specific psychosocial stressor according to ICD-10?

Within one week
Within one month
Within three months
Within six months
None of the above

In general hospital environments, what is the approximate prevalence of adjustment disorders?

0.01
0.05
0.1
0.2
None of the above

What is the primary treatment approach for adjustment disorders?

Medication
Supportive psychotherapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Group therapy
None of the above

What percentage of patients with adjustment disorder show recovery after a 5-year follow-up according to the text?

0.2
0.4
0.5
0.7
None of the above

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for poor outcome in adjustment disorders?

Poor psychosocial functioning
Stable relationships
Prior psychiatric issues
Substance abuse
Mixed mood/behavioral symptoms

What is the main stressor in general hospital environments for adjustment disorders?

Financial issues
Relationship problems
Physical illness
Job loss
None of the above

According to DSM-5, what is the maximum duration for an acute adjustment disorder?

Less than three months
Less than six months
More than six months
There is no specified duration
None of the above

In the context of adjustment disorders, what is the primary aim of supportive psychotherapy?

To eliminate the stressor
To improve coping mechanisms
To diagnose underlying psychiatric conditions
To provide medication management
None of the above

What is the approximate lifetime prevalence of PTSD?

0.05
0.03
0.08
0.102
0.19

Which of the following is NOT a persistent arousal symptom of PTSD?

Difficulty sleeping
Persistent sadness
Concentration issues
Hypervigilance
Exaggerated startle response

What is the male-to-female ratio for PTSD prevalence?

1 to 1
1 to 2
1 to 3
2 to 1
3 to 1

According to ICD-10, within what timeframe should PTSD symptoms arise after a traumatic event?

Within 1 month
Within 3 months
Within 6 months
Within 1 year
None of the above

Which of the following stressors is linked to increased rates of PTSD?

Job loss
Financial issues
Rape
Moving to a new city
None of the above

In DSM-5, what is the minimum duration of PTSD symptoms?

1 week
2 weeks
1 month
3 months
None of the above

What is a key difference between ICD-10 and DSM-5 in terms of re-experiencing symptoms in PTSD?

ICD-10 includes dissociative reactions
DSM-5 includes vivid memories
ICD-10 focuses on intrusive recollections
DSM-5 does not include recurring dreams
None of the above

Which of the following is a negative cognition/mood symptom according to DSM-5?

Hypervigilance
Exaggerated startle response
Negative beliefs
Difficulty sleeping
None of the above

What is the primary treatment approach for PTSD?

Supportive therapy
Psychodynamic therapy
Trauma-focused CBT
Hypnotherapy
None of the above

What is the primary goal of psychodynamic therapy for PTSD?

Enhancing control over hyperarousal
Understanding the meaning of the event
Relaxation techniques
Cognitive restructuring
None of the above

Which type of medication is licensed for PTSD?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Anxiolytics
None of the above

What percentage of individuals with PTSD are likely to recover within the first year?

0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9

Which factor contributes to recovery from PTSD?

Good social support
Further traumatic events
Acquired disabilities
Financial worries
None of the above

EMDR primarily focuses on which technique?

Voluntary multi-saccadic eye movements
Cognitive restructuring
Relaxation techniques
Anger management
None of the above

When should medication be considered for PTSD treatment?

If the patient is too distressed to engage in therapy
If the patient fails to respond to an initial psychological approach
In cases of severe ongoing threat
All of the above
None of the above

Which maladaptive coping mechanism can impede recovery from PTSD?

Avoidance
Denial
Both avoidance and denial
Neither avoidance nor denial
None of the above

What is the estimated lifetime prevalence of hypochondriasis?

0.1-0.5%
1-5%
5-10%
10-20%
20-30%

When does hypochondriasis typically develop?

Childhood
Adolescence
Early adulthood
Middle age
Old age

Which gender is more likely to have hypochondriasis?

Male
Female
Neither gender is more likely
Both genders equally likely
Not enough information available

What factors are believed to contribute to the aetiology of hypochondriasis?

Genetic factors
Biological factors
Psychological factors
Social factors
Both psychological and social factors

How is hypochondriasis characterized in terms of presentation?

Physical symptoms
Delusions
Hallucinations
Excessive fears of having a serious medical condition
Dissociation

What is the preferred treatment for hypochondriasis?

Antidepressants
Psychoanalysis
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Electroconvulsive therapy
Surgery

Besides CBT, which components are important in the treatment of hypochondriasis?

Education
Reassurance
Monitoring of symptoms
Medication
All of the above

What is the typical outcome for people with hypochondriasis who receive appropriate treatment?

No improvement
Minimal improvement
Significant symptom improvement
Complete recovery
Significant symptom improvement and functional recovery

What is the estimated global lifetime prevalence of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

0.5-1%
2-3%
5-6%
7-8%
9-10%

At what age does OCD typically have its onset?

15 years old
20 years old
25 years old
30 years old
35 years old

Which factors are believed to contribute to the development of OCD?

Genetic factors
Environmental factors
Psychological factors
All of the above
None of the above

Which brain circuitry has been implicated in OCD through neuroimaging studies?

Limbic-prefrontal
Cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical
Thalamo-amygdala
Hippocampo-cortical
None of the above

Which neurotransmitter abnormality has been implicated in OCD?

Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Glutamate
GABA

Which neurotransmitter system has been implicated in the aetiology of OCD?

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA

In the context of OCD, what has neuroimaging revealed about the orbitofrontal gyrus, basal ganglia, and cingulum?

Hypometabolism
Hypermetabolism
No significant changes
Decreased grey matter
Increased white matter

Which type of autoimmune factors have been associated with OCD?

Humoral
Cell-mediated
Both humoral and cell-mediated
Complement system-related
None of the above

What is the concordance rate for monozygotic (MZ) twins in OCD?

10-20%
25-35%
40-50%
50-80%
80-90%

According to psychoanalytical theories, which stage of development is “obsessional neurosis” associated with?

Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency stage
Genital stage

Which treatment type is the first-line treatment for OCD?

Cognitive Therapy
Behavioral Therapy
ECT
CBT
SSRIs

Which of the following is NOT a psychological treatment for OCD?

Supportive psychotherapy
Psychoanalytical psychotherapy
DBS
Behavioral therapy
Cognitive therapy

Which medication is considered a second-line treatment for OCD according to NICE guidelines?

Sertraline
Paroxetine
Fluoxetine
Clomipramine
Escitalopram

For which patient population is ECT typically reserved in OCD treatment?

Mild cases
Moderate cases
Severe, treatment-resistant cases
Patients with comorbid depression
All patients

What is the primary purpose of augmentative strategies in OCD treatment?

To replace first-line treatments
To enhance the effects of first-line treatments
To treat side effects of first-line treatments
To manage comorbid conditions
To provide an alternative to psychotherapy

Which physical treatment for OCD is still being evaluated for its efficacy?

ECT
Stereotactic cingulotomy
DBS
Psychosurgery
None of the above

What is a primary goal of supportive psychotherapy in OCD treatment?

To eliminate obsessions
To minimize compulsions
To provide psychoeducation
To include family members and use of groups
To replace pharmacological treatments

Which of the following medications is unlicensed but NICE-recommended for OCD treatment?

Venlafaxine
Fluvoxamine
Citalopram
Risperidone
Sertraline

The presentation of OCD can be delayed by how many years?

1-3 years
3-5 years
5-10 years
10-15 years
15-20 years

What is the suicide rate in patients with OCD and secondary depression?

Not increased
Slightly increased
Moderately increased
Highly increased
Extremely increased

What percentage of OCD patients experience significant improvement after treatment?

10-20%
20-30%
30-40%
40-50%
50-60%

Which type of personality disorder is especially associated with a poor prognosis in OCD patients?

Borderline
Narcissistic
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Obsessive-compulsive

What factors are associated with a better prognosis in OCD patients?

Early onset and giving in to compulsions
Presence of tics, bizarre compulsions, or delusional beliefs
Episodic symptoms
Poor premorbid social and occupational function
High avoidance

Which type of treatment is considered first-line for OCD?

Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Benzodiazepines
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Deep brain stimulation

Which antidepressant is considered second-line for OCD by NICE?

Escitalopram
Fluoxetine
Sertraline
Clomipramine
Citalopram

What physical treatments are reserved for severe, treatment-resistant OCD cases?

ECT and psychosurgery
Deep brain stimulation
Cognitive therapy
Supportive psychotherapy
Augmentative strategies

What is the prevalence rate of somatization disorder in the general population?

5%-10%
0.2%-2%
10%-15%
3%-7%
Less than 0.1%

In which stage of life does somatization disorder typically onset?

Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood
Late adulthood
Any stage of life

Which gender is more likely to be affected by somatization disorder?

Males
Females
Both equally
Non-binary individuals
No specific gender pattern

What characterizes the presentation of somatization disorder?

Only gastrointestinal symptoms
Only neurological symptoms
Only pain
Multiple physical complaints
Mood swings

What is the primary treatment approach for somatization disorder?

Only psychotherapy
Only medication
Multidisciplinary approach
Only self-help techniques
No treatment available

What factors contribute to the development of somatization disorder?

Only genetic factors
Only environmental factors
Only psychological factors
A combination of factors
Unknown factors

What is the typical outcome for individuals with somatization disorder?

Complete recovery
Deterioration over time
Variable outcome
No change in symptoms
Immediate improvement

Which of the following is a treatment component for somatization disorder?

Pharmacotherapy
Psychotherapy
Patient education
All of the above
None of the above

What is the prevalence rate of dissociative disorders in the general population?

Up to 1%
Up to 5%
Up to 10%
Up to 15%
Up to 20%

Which factor is most commonly associated with the development of dissociative disorders?

Substance abuse
Genetic predisposition
Trauma or abuse
Chronic stress
Neurological conditions

What characterizes the presentation of dissociative disorders?

Mood swings
Disorganized speech
Delusions
Disruptions in identity, memory, and consciousness
Impulsive behavior

Which treatment modality is most commonly used for dissociative disorders?

Antidepressant medication
Psychotherapy
Lifestyle changes
Electroconvulsive therapy
Support groups

What is the typical outcome for individuals with dissociative disorders?

Complete recovery
Deterioration over time
Variable outcome
No change in symptoms
Immediate improvement

Which of the following is a type of dissociative disorder?

Schizophrenia
Dissociative amnesia
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Panic disorder
Major depressive disorder

In which stage of life do dissociative disorders typically onset?

Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood
Late adulthood
Any stage of life

Which gender is more likely to be affected by dissociative disorders?

Males
Females
Both equally
Non-binary individuals
No specific gender pattern

What is the estimated prevalence of personality disorders in the general population?

1-3%
5-15%
20-30%
35-45%
Over 50%

What factors contribute to the development of personality disorders?

Only genetic factors
Only environmental factors
Only social factors
A combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors
Unknown factors

Which population is more likely to have a higher prevalence of personality disorders?

Individuals with no history of trauma or abuse
Individuals with no substance use disorders
Individuals with no mental health conditions
Individuals with a history of trauma or abuse, substance use disorders, or other mental health conditions
None of the above

Which of the following is a common symptom of personality disorders?

Difficulty regulating emotions
Consistent mood stability
High levels of empathy
Effective coping strategies
Social extroversion

What is the main characteristic of personality disorders?

Acute episodes of psychosis
Severe anxiety
Long-standing patterns of behavior, thoughts, and emotions that deviate significantly from cultural norms
Inability to form relationships
Hallucinations and delusions

What is the main challenge in determining the incidence of personality disorders?

Lack of research
High rates of misdiagnosis
Limited access to healthcare services
Stigma against mental health conditions
Inconsistent diagnostic criteria

In which areas of functioning do personality disorders cause significant impairment?

Social and occupational
Memory and concentration
Language and communication
Sensory processing
Motor skills

Which of the following early childhood experiences increases the risk of developing personality disorders?

Supportive family environment
High socioeconomic status
Neglect or abuse
Advanced cognitive development
Stable peer relationships

What type of therapy has been shown to be effective in treating personality disorders?

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
Art therapy
Music therapy
Dance therapy
Animal-assisted therapy

Which medication type may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms of personality disorders?

Antipsychotics
Mood stabilizers and antidepressants
Stimulants
Sedatives
Opioids

What factor contributes to a better prognosis for personality disorders?

Late identification and treatment
Early identification and treatment
Low socioeconomic status
Limited access to healthcare services
Absence of a support network

What is the prevalence of borderline personality disorder?

1-2%
3-4%
0.5-0.6%
0.01
0.04

Which personality disorder is characterized by grandiosity and lack of empathy?

Borderline
Narcissistic
Antisocial
Obsessive-compulsive
Avoidant

What is the main characteristic of schizotypal personality disorder?

Unstable mood and impulsive behavior
Fear of criticism and social isolation
Excessive dependence on others, fear of separation
Impulsivity, disregard for others' rights and feelings
Odd beliefs, social anxiety, eccentric behavior

Which personality disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness and control?

Borderline
Narcissistic
Antisocial
Obsessive-compulsive
Avoidant

What is the primary characteristic of dependent personality disorder?

Impulsive behavior
Lack of empathy
Excessive dependence on others, fear of separation
Odd beliefs, social anxiety, eccentric behavior
Preoccupation with orderliness and control

What does the term “organic psychosis” refer to?

Mental disorders caused by genetics
Mental disorders caused by environmental factors
Mental disorders with a clear organic cause
Mental disorders with unknown causes
Mental disorders caused by trauma

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of organic psychoses?

Traumatic brain injury
Infections
Metabolic disorders
Substance abuse
Personality traits

In which age group are organic psychoses more common?

Adolescents
Young adults
Middle-aged adults
Older adults
All age groups equally

What is the estimated prevalence of organic psychoses in the general population?

0.03% to 0.3%
1% to 3%
5% to 10%
15% to 20%
25% to 30%

Which of the following factors may contribute to the development of organic psychoses?

Genetics
Environmental exposures
Lifestyle factors
All of the above
None of the above

What is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of organic psychoses?

Psychotherapy
Medication management
Thorough medical evaluation
Lifestyle changes
Support groups

Which of the following conditions can cause organic psychoses in older adults?

Alzheimer's disease
Vascular dementia
Both A and B
Schizophrenia
Bipolar disorder

Which of the following is NOT an example of an organic cause of psychosis?

Epilepsy
Stroke
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Levodopa (L-dopa)
Social anxiety

What is a common challenge in diagnosing organic psychoses?

Identifying the underlying cause
Differentiating from functional psychoses
Evaluating cognitive impairments
Assessing mood changes
Monitoring behavioral disturbances

In older adults, organic psychoses may present with symptoms similar to which condition?

Schizophrenia
Bipolar disorder
Dementia
Depression
Anxiety

What is the primary focus in treating organic psychoses?

Managing symptoms
Addressing the underlying cause
Providing psychotherapy
Rehabilitation
Supportive interventions

Which of the following treatments may be prescribed to help manage symptoms of organic psychoses?

Medication
Psychotherapy
Rehabilitation
All of the above
None of the above

The presentation of organic psychoses can vary widely depending on what factor?

Age of the patient
Severity of the symptoms
Underlying medical condition
Patient's response to treatment
Duration of the illness

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with organic psychoses?

Delusions
Hallucinations
Mood changes
Memory loss
Increased energy levels

What is the prognosis for individuals with organic psychoses?

Always temporary
Always long-lasting
Varies depending on the underlying cause
No known prognosis
Always results in full recovery

Which of the following factors may influence the outcome of organic psychoses?

Specific disorder
Underlying cause
Appropriate treatment
All of the above
None of the above

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General Psychiatric Disorders Exam (Part 2)

General Psychiatric Disorders Exam (Part 2)

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