General Psychiatric Disorders Exam (Part 1)

What is the estimated number of people affected by depression worldwide?

Which age group has the highest incidence of depression?

What is the ratio of women to men experiencing major depressive disorder?

Which neurotransmitters are involved in the biological factors of depression?

What factor increases the risk of developing depression in the context of adverse childhood experiences?

Which personality trait is NOT associated with depression risk?

What type of life events can be particularly risk factors for depression in vulnerable individuals?

Which physical illness is NOT mentioned as having a higher risk of depression?

What is a common symptom of depression regarding mood?

Which of the following is NOT a core symptom of depression?

What type of hallucinations may be experienced in depression with psychotic features?

Which of the following is an example of catatonic symptoms in depression?

What is the term for the lack of interest or pleasure in most activities as a symptom of depression?

In the context of depression, what does psychomotor agitation or retardation refer to?

What type of delusion might be experienced by someone with depression and psychotic features?

Which type of therapy helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviours?

Which class of antidepressants works by increasing serotonin levels in the brain?

What is the recommended continuation treatment duration for preventing relapse in depression?

When should electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) be considered for treating depression?

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of action for antidepressants?

In a stepped-care approach, what happens if symptoms do not improve with initial interventions?

Which combination of medications can be used to combat sexual dysfunction caused by SSRI or SNRI treatment?

According to the NICE guidelines, for mild to moderate depression, what should healthcare professionals offer before considering medication?

What percentage of individuals with depression may experience treatment-resistant depression?

Which age group has the highest onset of unipolar depression?

What was the objective of the STAR*D study?

Which of the following factors can affect treatment outcomes for depression, according to the STAR*D study?

What is the common treatment approach for unipolar depression?

What is the mode of action of RIMAs?

What is a risk associated with the use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors?

In which type of patients are MAOIs and RIMAs usually used as second-line therapy?

What is the maximum daily dose for moclobemide?

Which of the following is a significant drug interaction with monoamine oxidase inhibitors?

Which of the following best describes a potential risk of administering MAOIs and RIMAs in patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism?

Which of the following is a side effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors?

Which of the following best describes the primary effect of serotonin reuptake inhibition?

Which effect is associated with 5-HT1A agonism?

What disadvantage is associated with the use of SSRIs?

What condition is a contraindication for SSRI use?

Which consideration is crucial when co-prescribing SSRIs due to potential drug interactions?

What is the maximum daily dose of Citalopram?

What is the usual maintenance dose range for Sertraline?

Which interaction should be considered when prescribing SSRIs?

What is the lifetime prevalence of bipolar I disorder?

Which of the following bipolar subtypes is more prevalent in females?

At what age does the mean onset of bipolar disorder occur?

What is the heritability of bipolar disorder?

Which of these genes has strong support from genome-wide association studies in relation to bipolar disorder?

Among the following neurotransmitters, which is least associated with the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder?

What event carries a high risk of mixed affective presentation or puerperal psychosis?

What treatment may precipitate mania in bipolar disorder?

Which two types of episodes characterize bipolar disorder?

What symptom might individuals experience during both manic and hypomanic episodes?

Which of these disorders could be mistaken for bipolar disorder?

What symptom is NOT present during depressive episodes of bipolar disorder?

In the differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder, which of the following conditions is crucial to consider due to its symptom overlap and potential for misdiagnosis?

Which type of therapy can be helpful in managing the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

What type of medication is commonly used to manage manic and hypomanic episodes?

Which medication should be used with caution during depressive episodes to avoid triggering manic episodes?

What is a recommended medication for acute mania?

Which medication is NOT recommended for the treatment of acute depression in bipolar disorder?

What is the first line of treatment for acute depression in bipolar disorder?

Which psychological intervention is NOT mentioned for long-term management and prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder?

For long-term management and prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder, antipsychotics may be used in combination with which type of medication?

When should lithium levels be checked after starting the medication?

What percentage of patients treated with lithium experience side effects?

What is the safe range for lithium in the blood?

What percentage of bipolar patients experience another manic episode within the first two years after their initial episode?

What is the global prevalence of bipolar disorder?

Which treatment approach is NOT commonly used for bipolar disorder?

Which of the following is a good prognostic factor for bipolar disorder?

What is the typical gender prevalence for bipolar disorder?

What was the primary focus of the BALANCE trial?

Which medications were investigated in the BALANCE trial?

What was the outcome of the BALANCE trial regarding the combination therapy?

What is the global prevalence of schizophrenia?

When does schizophrenia typically begin?

How does the prevalence and presentation of schizophrenia differ between males and females?

What is the incidence of schizophrenia in the UK and USA?

What is the heritability of schizophrenia?

What is the risk of developing schizophrenia with an identical twin affected?

What is the risk of developing schizophrenia if both parents are affected?

What is the risk of developing schizophrenia if no relatives are affected?

What are the three main categories of schizophrenia symptoms?

Which symptom is NOT considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

What is the minimum duration of symptoms required for a schizophrenia diagnosis according to the ICD-10 criteria?

According to the DSM-5, which of the following is NOT a core symptom for the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

In the DSM-5 criteria, what is the minimum duration of continuous signs of disturbance required for a schizophrenia diagnosis?

What is the prodromal phase in schizophrenia?

Which criterion is NOT part of the ICD-10 criteria for schizophrenia?

What change has been made to schizophrenia subtypes in DSM-5 and ICD-11?

Which of the following is a cognitive symptom of schizophrenia?

What is the primary difference between the ICD-10 and DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia?

What is the cornerstone of treatment for schizophrenia?

Which psychotherapy is particularly helpful for managing negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

What do the NICE guidelines for schizophrenia recommend for long-term management and prevention of relapse?

What is the primary purpose of antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia treatment?

When treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia, which intervention may be helpful alongside medication?

What is an important aspect of medication management according to the NICE guidelines?

Which first-generation antipsychotic is classified as a Phenothiazine derivative (Group 1: Aliphatic phenothiazines)?

What is the maximum daily dosage of Levomepromazine (Levinan®, Nozinan®)?

Which first-generation antipsychotic is classified as a Thioxanthene?

What is the maximum daily dosage of Zuclopenthixol (Clopixol®, Ciatyl-Z®)?

Which first-generation antipsychotic is classified as a Butyrophenone?

What is the maximum daily dosage of Sulpiride (Dolmatil®) for positive symptoms?

Which first-generation antipsychotic is classified as a Diphenybutylpiperidine?

Which side effect should be considered when avoiding chlorpromazine/promazine?

What type of antipsychotic is recommended to minimize weight gain?

Which side effect should be considered when avoiding high-dose FGAs?

Which antipsychotic is recommended for minimizing sedation?

To reduce the risk of postural hypertension, which type of antipsychotics should be avoided?

Which antipsychotic is NOT recommended for minimizing weight gain?

What type of antipsychotics is recommended to minimize the risk of extrapyramidal side effects (EPSEs)?

Which antipsychotic is recommended for minimizing postural hypertension?

For which type of patients has clozapine demonstrated superior efficacy in treatment response and adherence?

How many different antipsychotic drugs should be tried before offering clozapine to individuals with schizophrenia, according to the NICE guideline (2014)?

Under which monitoring result category should clozapine treatment be discontinued?

What is one of the common side effects of clozapine related to anticholinergic effects?

What should be done if treatment with clozapine is interrupted for more than 48 hours?

Which of the following factors may require a lower dose of clozapine?

What is the prevalence of schizophrenia in the global population?

During which period in life does schizophrenia usually onset?

What factors contribute to the aetiology of schizophrenia?

Which type of symptoms are hallucinations and delusions examples of?

What is the primary medication used in the treatment of schizophrenia?

What is the estimated lifetime prevalence of anxiety and phobic disorders worldwide?

Which neurotransmitters are implicated in the aetiology of anxiety disorders?

What is the typical age of onset for panic disorder?

What is the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder according to the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication?

Which gender has a higher likelihood of developing panic disorder?

In which type of medical clinics are prevalence rates of panic disorder significantly higher?

Which marital status is associated with an increased risk of panic disorder?

Which environmental factor is associated with an increased risk of panic disorder?

What is the main difference between panic attacks and panic disorder?

Which symptom is most frequently associated with a panic attack?

Which of the following symptoms is not related to panic attacks?

What is the term used to describe the sensation of choking or difficulties swallowing during a panic attack?

What term describes the fear of dying experienced during a panic attack?

What is the term for numbness or tingling sensations experienced during a panic attack?

What is the recommended first-line treatment for panic disorder in the UK?

Which treatment is not recommended by NICE due to potential abuse or dependence risks?

What type of therapy includes exposure therapy, relaxation techniques, and hyperventilation control?

What percentage of patients experience functional recovery within the first 1-2 years of panic disorder treatment?

Which factor is not associated with a poor treatment response for panic disorder?

What is a common component of psychodynamic psychotherapy for panic disorder treatment?

In the long term, approximately what percentage of treated panic disorder patients will have only mild symptoms?

What is the recommended duration for successful panic disorder treatment before attempting to discontinue?

In the DSM-5, how is agoraphobia diagnosed in relation to panic disorder?

What is the female-to-male ratio for agoraphobia?

Which age range corresponds to the first peak of agoraphobia’s bimodal distribution?

What is a potential evolutionary explanation for the origin of agoraphobia?

According to learning theory, what leads to agoraphobic avoidance behaviours?

In what type of situations does agoraphobia typically present as an intense fear or anxiety?

What is a common consequence of agoraphobia on daily functioning?

What can develop alongside agoraphobia, resulting in a complex interplay of anxiety, panic attacks, and avoidance behaviours?

Which of the following medications is licensed in the UK for treating panic disorder symptoms with or without agoraphobia?

What is the recommended usage of benzodiazepines in the management of agoraphobia?

In psychological treatments for agoraphobia, what is the purpose of cognitive methods?

What can impact the prognosis for agoraphobia?

What is the average onset age for animal phobias?

Which type of phobia has a stronger environmental role according to twin studies?

Which treatment is primarily used in severe cases of specific phobias to facilitate exposure therapy?

Which theory suggests that fear of certain objects may be evolutionarily adaptive and selectively acquired?

What is the main focus of cognitive methods in the treatment of specific phobias?

Which type of phobia is more common in females?

In the absence of treatment, what is the typical course of specific phobias?

Which treatment involves the use of techniques such as systematic desensitization, in vivo exposure, and virtual reality exposure?

Which age group has the highest prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder?

What is the 12-month prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder?

Which gender is more affected by generalized anxiety disorder?

What is the main neurobiological aspect involved in generalized anxiety disorder?

What type of parenting style is associated with the development of generalized anxiety disorder?

Which diagnostic criteria require at least four symptoms with at least one from ‘autonomic arousal’ for generalized anxiety disorder?

Which factor is associated with late-onset cases of generalized anxiety disorder?

How long must excessive anxiety and worry persist for a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder?

Which treatment is typically used to target depressive symptoms in anxiety disorders?

What is the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder?

At what stage of life does panic disorder typically begin?

Which treatment may be considered for severe, intractable anxiety in extremely rare cases?