3.5 Neural Circuits Quiz

What neural circuit is primarily responsible for regulating appetite in the body?

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
The sympathetic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system
The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing appetite?

Insulin
Leptin
Ghrelin
Melanin
Oestrogen

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating appetite?

The Cerebellum
The Amygdala
The Hippocampus
The Hypothalamus
The Medulla oblongata

Which hormone is primarily responsible for decreasing hunger?

Insulin
Leptin
Ghrelin
Melanin
Oestrogen

What neural circuit is responsible for controlling hunger during stress?

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
The sympathetic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system
The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis

Which hormone is primarily responsible for decreasing thirst?

Insulin
Leptin
Vasopressin
Melanin
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Which of the following is considered a diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa?

Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height
Distorted body image
Inability to experience pleasure from eating
May engage in excessive exercise and restrictive eating behaviours
All of the above

What is the mortality rate for anorexia nervosa?

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.58

Which of the following brain regions is primarily responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle?

The amygdala
The hippocampus
The hypothalamus
The prefrontal cortex
The parietal cortex

Which sleep disorder is characterized by a persistent difficulty falling asleep and/or staying asleep?

Sleep apnoea
Insomnia
Restless leg syndrome
Narcolepsy
Sleepwalking

What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

Regulating the sleep-wake cycle
Regulating hormone release
Controlling body temperature
All of the above
None of the above

What happens when the SCN is damaged?

Insomnia and jet lag
Increased appetite
Increased body temperature
All of the above
None of the above

What is one cognitive effect of sleep deprivation?

Improved memory
Impaired memory and learning
Increased creativity
Improved decision-making
None of the above

What is the specific neural mechanism behind the increased fatigue observed in sleep deprivation?

The reduction of adenosine levels in the brain
The reduction of dopamine levels in the brain
The reduction of GABA levels in the brain
The reduction of acetylcholine levels in the brain
None of the above

What is the link between sleep deprivation and the development of type 2 diabetes?

Alterations in the circadian rhythm of glucose metabolism
Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
Increased inflammation
All of the above

How does sleep deprivation affect the neural circuit underlying the consolidation of new memories?

By increasing synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus
By decreasing synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus
By increasing activity in the prefrontal cortex
By decreasing activity in the prefrontal cortex
None of the above

What is the underlying neural mechanism that leads to the development of insomnia?

Hyperactivity of the locus coeruleus
Hypoactivity of the locus coeruleus
Hyperactivity of the dorsal raphe nucleus
Hypoactivity of the dorsal raphe nucleus
None of the above

What is the primary neural mechanism that leads to the development of narcolepsy?

Hypersensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Hypersensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
Loss of hypothalamic orexin neurons
Hypersensitivity of the locus coeruleus
The reduction of GABA levels in the brain

What is the primary neural mechanism that leads to gender dysphoria?

Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis
Atypical development of the hypothalamus
Atypical development of the brainstem

How do psychiatric disorders affect sexual function?

Psychiatric disorders are associated with an improvement in sexual function
Psychiatric disorders are associated with a decrease in sexual function
Psychiatric disorders have no effect on sexual function
Psychiatric disorders are associated with a decrease in sexual desire
Psychiatric disorders are associated with an increase in sexual desire

What is the primary neural mechanism that leads to impulsive aggression?

Disruption of the orbitofrontal cortex
Disruption of the amygdala
Disruption of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Disruption of the anterior cingulate cortex
Disruption of the dorsal striatum

How does testosterone affect aggression?

Testosterone is associated with increased aggression
Testosterone is associated with decreased aggression
Testosterone has no effect on aggression
Testosterone is associated with increased aggression in men but decreased aggression in women
Testosterone is associated with decreased aggression in men but increased aggression in women

How does serotonin affect aggression?

Serotonin is associated with increased aggression
Serotonin is associated with decreased aggression
Serotonin has no effect on aggression
Serotonin is associated with increased aggression in men but decreased aggression in women
Serotonin is associated with decreased aggression in men but increased aggression in women

What is the primary neural mechanism of chronic pain?

Disruption of the somatosensory cortex
Disruption of the primary motor cortex
Disruption of the anterior cingulate cortex
Disruption of the insula
Disruption of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

How do neuroplastic changes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord contribute to chronic pain?

By increasing the sensitivity of pain-sensitive neurons
By decreasing the sensitivity of pain-sensitive neurons
By increasing the number of pain-sensitive neurons
By decreasing the number of pain-sensitive neurons
By increasing the sensitivity of pain-insensitive neurons

How does the endogenous opioid system modulate pain?

By increasing the sensitivity of pain-sensitive neurons
By decreasing the sensitivity of pain-sensitive neurons
By increasing the number of pain-sensitive neurons
By decreasing the number of pain-sensitive neurons
By increasing the sensitivity of pain-insensitive neurons

What is the primary neural circuit involved in voluntary motor control?

The cerebellum-spinal cord circuit
The basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit
The cerebellum-brainstem circuit
The primary motor cortex-spinal cord circuit
The primary somatosensory cortex-spinal cord circuit

How does the cerebellum contribute to motor control?

By sending direct output to the spinal cord to initiate movement
By sending direct output to the primary motor cortex to initiate movement
By modulating the output of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit
By receiving input from the primary somatosensory cortex to modulate movement
By sending direct output to the brainstem to initiate movement

How does the primary motor cortex contribute to motor control?

By sending direct output to the spinal cord to initiate movement
By sending direct output to the cerebellum to initiate movement
By modulating the output of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit
By receiving input from the primary somatosensory cortex to modulate movement
By sending direct output to the brainstem to initiate movement

What is the primary neural circuit responsible for the development of tardive dyskinesia, a common extra-pyramidal side-effect of long-term use of antipsychotic medications?

The basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop
The cerebellar-brainstem circuit
The spinal reflex arc
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
The dorsal raphe-locus coeruleus circuit

What is the suspected neural mechanism underlying the development of akathisia, an extra-pyramidal side-effect of antipsychotic medication characterized by an inner sense of restlessness and agitation?

Dopamine receptor blockade in the basal ganglia
Serotonin receptor blockade in the dorsal raphe nucleus
Glutamate receptor dysfunction in the cerebellum
Norepinephrine receptor dysfunction in the locus coeruleus
GABA receptor dysfunction in the globus pallidus

What is the primary neural mechanism underlying the development of parkinsonism, a common extra-pyramidal side-effect of long-term use of antipsychotic medications?

Dopamine receptor blockade in the basal ganglia
Serotonin receptor blockade in the dorsal raphe nucleus
Glutamate receptor dysfunction in the cerebellum
Norepinephrine receptor dysfunction in the locus coeruleus
GABA receptor dysfunction in the globus pallidus

In what ways do synaptic scaling and synaptic tagging and capture contribute to the formation of long-term memories?

Synaptic scaling increases the number of synaptic connections, while synaptic tagging and capture involves the strengthening of existing connections through the addition of new receptors.
Synaptic scaling involves the strengthening of existing connections through the addition of new receptors, while synaptic tagging and capture increases the number of synaptic connections.
Both synaptic scaling and synaptic tagging and capture involve the strengthening of existing connections through the addition of new receptors.
Both synaptic scaling and synaptic tagging and capture involve the weakening of existing connections through the removal of receptors.
Synaptic scaling is responsible for the formation of short-term memories, while synaptic tagging and capture is responsible for long-term memories.

How do the different types of synaptic plasticity, such as short-term potentiation (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP), contribute to learning and memory formation?

STP is responsible for the formation of long-term memories, while LTP is responsible for short-term memories.
LTP is responsible for the formation of long-term memories, while STP is responsible for short-term memories.
Both STP and LTP are responsible for the formation of long-term memories.
Both STP and LTP are responsible for the formation of short-term memories.
STP and LTP are not related to learning and memory formation.

What computational models have been proposed to explain the neural basis of normal learning and learning in pathology?

The Hebbian model, the Bayesian model, and the reinforcement learning model
The Hopfield model, the Boltzmann machine model, and the artificial neural network model
The Hebbian model, the Boltzmann machine model, and the artificial neural network model
The Hebbian model, the Hopfield model, and the Bayesian model
The Hopfield model, the Bayesian model, and the reinforcement learning model

How does Hebbian adaptation contribute to the formation of associations between stimuli in the brain?

By increasing the strength of synapses between neurons that are active at the same time
By decreasing the strength of synapses between neurons that are active at the same time
By increasing the number of synapses between neurons that are active at the same time
By decreasing the number of synapses between neurons that are active at the same time
By increasing the activity of neurons that are active at the same time

How does Hebbian adaptation contribute to the process of learning?

By strengthening the synapses that are involved in the learned behavior
By weakening the synapses that are not involved in the learned behavior
By increasing the number of neurons involved in the learned behavior
By decreasing the activity of neurons not involved in the learned behavior
By increasing the activity of neurons involved in the learned behavior

How can Hebbian adaptation be disrupted in pathology?

By decreasing the activity of neurons involved in the learned behavior
By increasing the activity of neurons not involved in the learned behavior
By decreasing the number of neurons involved in the learned behavior
By weakening the synapses that are involved in the learned behavior
By strengthening the synapses that are not involved in the learned behavior

How do unsupervised learning algorithms differ from supervised and reinforcement learning algorithms in terms of their ability to learn from unlabelled data?

Unsupervised learning algorithms can only learn from labelled data, while supervised and reinforcement learning algorithms can learn from both labelled and unlabelled data.
Unsupervised learning algorithms can learn from both labelled and unlabelled data, while supervised and reinforcement learning algorithms can only learn from labelled data.
Unsupervised learning algorithms cannot learn from any data, while supervised and reinforcement learning algorithms can learn from both labelled and unlabelled data.
Unsupervised learning algorithms can learn from unlabelled data, while supervised and reinforcement learning algorithms can only learn from labelled data.
Unsupervised learning algorithms can learn from unlabelled data, while supervised and reinforcement learning algorithms can learn from both labelled and unlabelled data.

How does the neural circuit responsible for habit formation differ from the circuit responsible for goal-directed behavior?

The habit formation circuit is located in the prefrontal cortex, while the goal-directed behavior circuit is located in the basal ganglia.
The habit formation circuit uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter, while the goal-directed behavior circuit uses serotonin.
The habit formation circuit is activated through repeated exposure to a stimulus-response relationship, while the goal-directed behavior circuit is activated through cognitive decision making.
The habit formation circuit is only active during the acquisition phase of learning, while the goal-directed behavior circuit is only active during the extinction phase of learning.
The habit formation circuit is responsible for automatic behavior, while the goal-directed behavior circuit is responsible for voluntary behavior.

How does the ventral striatum contribute to habit formation?

By providing a positive reinforcement signal to the dorsal striatum
By inhibiting the activity of the dorsal striatum
By providing an inhibitory signal to the dorsal striatum
By encoding the stimulus-response associations
By encoding the reward prediction error

How does stress affect habit formation?

Stress enhances habit formation by increasing the activity of the ventral striatum.
Stress impairs habit formation by decreasing the activity of the ventral striatum.
Stress enhances habit formation by increasing the activity of the dorsal striatum.
Stress impairs habit formation by increasing the activity of the prefrontal cortex.
Stress has no effect on habit formation

What neural circuits are believed to be involved in the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

The dorsal striatum
The ventral striatum
The orbitofrontal cortex
The anterior cingulate cortex
All of the above

How do changes in serotonergic transmission in the brain affect the expression of OCD symptoms?

Increased serotonergic transmission leads to increased symptoms
Decreased serotonergic transmission leads to increased symptoms
Increased serotonergic transmission leads to decreased symptoms
Decreased serotonergic transmission leads to decreased symptoms
There is no relationship between serotonergic transmission and OCD symptoms

How do changes in the activity of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit affect the expression of OCD symptoms?

Increased activity in the CSTC circuit leads to increased symptoms
Decreased activity in the CSTC circuit leads to increased symptoms
Increased activity in the CSTC circuit leads to decreased symptoms
Decreased activity in the CSTC circuit leads to decreased symptoms
There is no relationship between CSTC circuit activity and OCD symptoms

What neural structures are involved in the processing of reward and pleasure, and how do they interact to influence motivation?

The striatum, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex
The hypothalamus, hippocampus, and dorsal raphe nucleus
The ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, and dorsal striatum
The insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and parietal cortex
The basal ganglia, occipital lobe, and cerebellum

How do dopamine and glutamate neurotransmitters interact in the striatum to influence motivation and habit formation?

Dopamine increases glutamatergic signalling, leading to habit formation
Glutamate decreases dopaminergic signalling, leading to habit formation
Dopamine and glutamate work in opposition, with dopamine promoting habit formation and glutamate inhibiting it
Dopamine and glutamate work in synergy, with both neurotransmitters promoting habit formation
Glutamate works in opposition to dopamine, with habit formation decreased overall

How do neuropeptides such as orexins and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) contribute to the regulation of motivation and reward?

Orexins and MCH increase the release of dopamine and glutamate, leading to increased motivation and reward
Orexins and MCH decrease the release of dopamine and glutamate, leading to decreased motivation and reward
Orexins and MCH have opposing effects, with orexins increasing motivation and reward while MCH decreases them
Orexins and MCH regulate motivation and reward through a complex interplay with other neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
None of the above

What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in the processing of rewards?

It encodes the value of rewards
It modulates the activity of the ventral striatum
It is responsible for the experience of pleasure
It is activated in response to novel rewards
It suppresses the activity of the amygdala

What is the role of the Prefrontal Cortex in emotion regulation?

Processing of emotions
Modulation of autonomic nervous system
Generation of emotions
Regulation of emotional responses
All of the above

What is the function of the HPA axis in response to stress?

Stimulation of the release of cortisol
Inhibition of the release of cortisol
Stimulation of the release of adrenaline
Inhibition of the release of adrenaline
None of the above

What is the primary role of the amygdala in the regulation of emotions?

To generate emotional experiences
To modulate the activity of the hypothalamus in response to emotional stimuli
To integrate sensory information with emotional processing
To inhibit emotional processing in the cortex
To modulate emotional expressions

What is the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in emotion regulation?

To increase emotional arousal
To modulate the activity of the amygdala in response to emotional stimuli
To regulate emotional responses by inhibiting amygdala activity
To generate emotional experiences
To modulate emotional expressions

How does the insula contribute to emotional regulation?

By generating emotional experiences
By modulating emotional expressions
By integrating sensory information with emotional processing
By regulating the autonomic nervous system in response to emotional stimuli
By inhibiting emotional processing in the cortex

What role does the ventral stream play in visual perception?

Processing of complex information about form and texture
Processing of simple information about location and movement
Processing of emotional responses to visual stimuli
Processing of auditory information
Processing of olfactory and visual perception

What is the role of the pulvinar nucleus in visual perception?

Processing of simple information about location and movement
Processing of complex information about form and texture
Attentional modulation of visual processing
Processing of auditory information
None of the above

How does the primary somatosensory cortex process sensory information from the body?

Processing of complex information about form and texture
Processing of simple information about location and movement
Processing of emotional responses to somatosensory stimuli
Integration of sensory information from multiple body parts
All of the above

What is the main neural circuit responsible for the regulation of attention and its impairment in ADHD?

Prefrontal cortex-striatal circuit
Hippocampus-amygdala circuit
Thalamic-cortical circuit
Reticular activating system-basal ganglia circuit
Brainstem-cerebellar circuit

What is the role of the norepinephrine system in the regulation of attention and its impairment in ADHD?

Norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter to increase arousal levels and enhance attention
Norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter to decrease arousal levels and inhibit attention
Norepinephrine acts as a modulator to regulate the activity of other neurotransmitter systems involved in attention regulation
Norepinephrine acts as an antagonist of the dopamine system, impairing attention regulation
Norepinephrine acts as an agonist of the serotonin system, enhancing attention regulation

What is the role of the dopamine system in the regulation of attention and its impairment in ADHD?

Dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter to increase arousal levels and enhance attention
Dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter to decrease arousal levels and inhibit attention
Dopamine acts as a modulator to regulate the activity of other neurotransmitter systems involved in attention regulation
Dopamine acts as an antagonist of the norepinephrine system, impairing attention regulation
Dopamine acts as an agonist of the serotonin system, enhancing attention regulation

Which of the following is not considered a stage in the process of memory consolidation?

Encoding
Transfer
Storage
Amnesia
Retrieval

Which brain area has been linked to the formation of emotional memories in PTSD patients?

Hippocampus
Thalamus
Amygdala
Prefrontal cortex
Basal ganglia

Which type of memory impairment is commonly seen in patients with dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease?

Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Episodic memory impairment
Semantic memory impairment
Working memory impairment

What is the primary neural substrate that mediates executive function in the human brain?

The amygdala
The parietal cortex
The anterior cingulate cortex
The basal ganglia
The occipital cortex

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex in executive function?

It is responsible for processing sensory information
It provides sensory feedback
It regulates attention
It mediates working memory
It is involved in decision making and problem-solving

What is the role of the basal ganglia in executive function?

It mediates attention and error monitoring
It provides sensory feedback
It regulates affective processing
It mediates working memory
It is involved in decision making and problem-solving

The neurobiological changes in hypofrontality have been primarily observed in what brain region?

Hippocampus
Prefrontal cortex
Thalamus
Basal ganglia
Cerebellum

What is a cause of hypofrontality?

Traumatic brain injury
Neurodegenerative disease
Substance abuse
Depression
All of the above

What is the role of dopamine in hypofrontality?

Increased dopamine release
Decreased dopamine release
No change in dopamine release
Increased dopamine receptor density
Decreased dopamine receptor density

What are the main neural regions involved in the regulation of impulsivity?

Prefrontal cortex
Amygdala
Anterior cingulate cortex
Hippocampus
Basal ganglia

How does neurotransmitter dopamine contribute to impulsivity?

Dopamine increase impulsivity by promoting reward-seeking behavior
Dopamine decreases impulsivity by inhibiting reward-seeking behavior
Dopamine has no effect on impulsivity
Dopamine increase impulsivity by impairing inhibitory control
Dopamine decreases impulsivity by enhancing inhibitory control

What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in impulsivity?

The OFC enhances impulsivity by promoting reward-seeking behavior
The OFC reduces impulsivity by inhibiting reward-seeking behavior
The OFC has no effect on impulsivity
The OFC enhances impulsivity by impairing inhibitory control
The OFC reduces impulsivity by enhancing inhibitory control

What role do the mirror neuron system and the anterior cingulate cortex play in empathy and theory of mind?

Mirror neuron system is primarily involved in empathy, while the anterior cingulate cortex is involved in theory of mind.
Mirror neuron system and the anterior cingulate cortex are both equally involved in empathy and theory of mind.
Mirror neuron system is primarily involved in theory of mind, while the anterior cingulate cortex is involved in empathy.
Neither the mirror neuron system nor the anterior cingulate cortex play a significant role in empathy and theory of mind.
The mirror neuron system and the anterior cingulate cortex play complementary roles in empathy and theory of mind.

What is the relationship between empathy and theory of mind in individuals with autism?

Individuals with autism have a deficit in both empathy and theory of mind.
Individuals with autism have a deficit in empathy but not in theory of mind.
Individuals with autism have a deficit in theory of mind but not in empathy.
Individuals with autism have an enhanced ability in empathy and theory of mind.
There is no consistent relationship between empathy and theory of mind in individuals with autism.

What is the main function of the default mode network in the brain?

To regulate attention and executive function
To process self-referential and internally oriented information
To mediate social cognition
To process sensory and perceptual information
To regulate emotional responses

What is the relationship between the default mode network and the salience network in terms of their interactions?

The salience network modulates the default mode network
The default mode network modulates the salience network
The two networks are independent of each other
The two networks are in competition with each other
The two networks have a reciprocal interaction

What is the role of the default mode network in certain psychiatric disorders?

Increased activity
Decreased activity
Altered connectivity with other brain regions
No significant change
Both increased activity and altered connectivity

How does serotonin signalling impact dissocial behavior?

Increased serotonin signalling is associated with increased dissocial behavior
Decreased serotonin signalling is associated with increased dissocial behavior
Serotonin signalling has no effect on dissocial behavior
Increased serotonin signalling is associated with decreased dissocial behavior
Decreased serotonin signalling is associated with decreased dissocial behavior

What is the relationship between dopamine signalling and dissocial behavior?

Increased dopamine signalling is associated with increased dissocial behavior
Decreased dopamine signalling is associated with increased dissocial behavior
Dopamine signalling has no effect on dissocial behavior
Increased dopamine signalling is associated with decreased dissocial behavior
Decreased dopamine signalling is associated with decreased dissocial behavior

Which brain imaging technique has been used to study the neurobiology of dissocial behavior?

Positron emission tomography (PET)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

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