3.3 Neurotransmitters and Receptors Quiz

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin?

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
Glutamate decarboxylase
Tryptophan hydroxylase
Acetylcholinesterase
Tyrosine hydroxylase

What is the process by which neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles?

Uptake
Release
Synthesis
Packaging
Degradation

What is the process by which neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft?

Uptake
Release
Synthesis
Packaging
Degradation

Which of the following molecules is necessary for the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminal?

Calcium ions
Sodium ions
Potassium ions
Magnesium ions
Chloride ions

What is the name of the process by which neurotransmitters are broken down and removed from the synaptic cleft?

Uptake
Release
Synthesis
Packaging
Degradation

What is the name of the protein that binds to a specific neurotransmitter and initiates a response in the postsynaptic neuron?

Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter receptor
Neurotransmitter transporter
Neurotransmitter synthesizer
Neurotransmitter degradation enzyme

How are neurotransmitters synthesized in the body?

By the transfer of electrons
By the combination of small molecules
By the breakdown of large molecules
By the transfer of protons
By the conversion of amino acids

What is the name of the process by which neurotransmitters bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane?

Uptake
Release
Synthesis
Packaging
Degradation

How is the activity of neurotransmitters regulated?

By changing the number of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
By changing the number of neurotransmitters
By changing the rate of neurotransmitters release
All the above
None of the above

Which of the following ion channels is primarily responsible for the influx of calcium ions into the presynaptic terminal during neurotransmitter release?

Voltage-gated sodium channels
Voltage-gated potassium channels
Voltage-gated calcium channels
Ligand-gated ion channels
Leakage channels

What is the role of calcium ions in synaptic plasticity?

Calcium ions increase the number of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
Calcium ions decrease the number of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
Calcium ions increase the strength of the synapse
Calcium ions decrease the strength of the synapse
Calcium ions have no effect on synaptic plasticity

What is the role of voltage-gated ion channels in synaptic transmission?

Voltage-gated ion channels are responsible for the release of neurotransmitters
Voltage-gated ion channels are responsible for the uptake of neurotransmitters
Voltage-gated ion channels are responsible for the binding of neurotransmitters to receptors
Voltage-gated ion channels are responsible for the generation of action potentials
Voltage-gated ion channels are responsible for the regulation of calcium flux

What type of receptors are typically found on the postsynaptic membrane?

Ionotropic receptors
G protein-coupled receptors
Enzyme-linked receptors
Voltage-gated receptors
Synaptic receptors

What is the role of G protein in neurotransmission?

G protein is responsible for the release of neurotransmitters
G protein is responsible for the uptake of neurotransmitters
G protein is responsible for the binding of neurotransmitters to receptors
G protein is responsible for transmitting the signals from the neurotransmitters to the effectors
G protein is responsible for the degradation of neurotransmitters

What is the mechanism of action of antagonist drugs?

Antagonist drugs increase the activity of neurotransmitters
Antagonist drugs decrease the activity of neurotransmitters
Antagonist drugs mimic the action of neurotransmitters
Antagonist drugs bind to receptors and block the action of neurotransmitters
Antagonist drugs increase the release of neurotransmitters

What is the structure of a G protein-coupled receptor?

Multiple transmembrane domains
A cytoplasmic domain
An extracellular domain
N-terminus and C-terminus present
All of the above

What is the mechanism of action of inverse agonist drugs?

Inverse agonist drugs increase the activity of neurotransmitters
Inverse agonist drugs decrease the activity of neurotransmitters
Inverse agonist drugs mimic the action of neurotransmitters
Inverse agonist drugs bind to receptors and block the action of neurotransmitters
Inverse agonist drugs bind to receptors and activate them

What is the structure of an ionotropic receptor?

A single transmembrane domain
Multiple transmembrane domains
A cytoplasmic domain
An extracellular domain
All of the above

Which of the following is a common second messenger system activated by G protein-coupled receptors?

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Cyclic GMP (cGMP)
Protein kinase A (PKA)
Calcium ions
Sodium ions

What is the role of protein kinase A (PKA) in neurotransmission?

PKA increases the activity of neurotransmitters
PKA decreases the activity of neurotransmitters
PKA regulates the release of neurotransmitters
PKA phosphorylates target proteins
PKA dephosphorylates target proteins

What is the role of phosphodiesterase (PDE) in neurotransmission?

PDE increases the activity of neurotransmitters
PDE decreases the activity of neurotransmitters
PDE regulates the release of neurotransmitters
PDE phosphorylates target proteins
PDE degrades second messengers

What is the role of phospholipase C (PLC) in neurotransmission?

PLC increases the activity of neurotransmitters
PLC decreases the activity of neurotransmitters
PLC regulates the release of neurotransmitters
PLC phosphorylates target proteins
PLC hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to generate inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)

What is the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in neurotransmission?

PKC increases the activity of neurotransmitters
PKC decreases the activity of neurotransmitters
PKC regulates the release of neurotransmitters
PKC phosphorylates target proteins
PKC dephosphorylates target proteins

How does the intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP affect neurotransmission?

High levels of cAMP and cGMP increase neurotransmission
High levels of cAMP and cGMP decrease neurotransmission
Low levels of cAMP and cGMP increase neurotransmission
Low levels of cAMP and cGMP decrease neurotransmission
cAMP and cGMP have no effect on neurotransmission

What type of receptors does noradrenaline primarily bind to?

Dopamine receptors
Serotonin receptors
Adrenergic receptors
Glutamate receptors
GABA receptors

What is the mechanism of action of noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (NRI)?

NRIs increase the release of noradrenaline
NRIs decrease the release of noradrenaline
NRIs block the reuptake of noradrenaline
NRIs bind to and activate adrenergic receptors
NRIs inhibit the activity of enzymes that degrade noradrenaline

What is the mechanism of action of alpha-2 receptor antagonists?

Alpha-2 receptor antagonists increase the release of noradrenaline
Alpha-2 receptor antagonists decrease the release of noradrenaline
Alpha-2 receptor antagonists block the reuptake of noradrenaline
Alpha-2 receptor antagonists bind to and block the activity of alpha-2 receptors
Alpha-2 receptor antagonists inhibit the activity of enzymes that degrade noradrenaline

What type of receptors does serotonin primarily bind to?

Dopamine receptors
Serotonin receptors
Adrenergic receptors
Glutamate receptors
GABA receptors

What is the mechanism of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

SSRIs increase the release of serotonin
SSRIs decrease the release of serotonin
SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin
SSRIs bind to and activate serotonin receptors
SSRIs inhibit the activity of enzymes that degrade serotonin

What is the mechanism of action of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)?

SNRIs increase the release of serotonin and noradrenaline
SNRIs decrease the release of serotonin and noradrenaline
SNRIs block the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline
SNRIs bind to and activate serotonin and noradrenaline receptors
SNRIs inhibit the activity of enzymes that degrade serotonin and noradrenaline

How many dopamine subtypes are there?

1
2
3
4
5

What is the mechanism of action of dopamine receptor agonists?

Dopamine receptor agonists increase the release of dopamine
Dopamine receptor agonists decrease the release of dopamine
Dopamine receptor agonists block the reuptake of dopamine
Dopamine receptor agonists bind to and activate dopamine receptors
Dopamine receptor agonists inhibit the activity of enzymes that degrade dopamine

What is the mechanism of action of dopamine receptor antagonists?

Dopamine receptor antagonists increase the release of dopamine
Dopamine receptor antagonists decrease the release of dopamine
Dopamine receptor antagonists block the reuptake of dopamine
Dopamine receptor antagonists bind to and block the activity of dopamine receptors
Dopamine receptor antagonists inhibit the activity of enzymes that degrade dopamine

What is the mechanism of action of dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRI)?

DRI increase the release of dopamine
DRI decrease the release of dopamine
DRI block the reuptake of dopamine
DRI bind to and activate dopamine receptors
DRI inhibit the activity of enzymes that degrade dopamine

How do benzodiazepines modulate GABA-A receptors?

Benzodiazepines increase the release of GABA
Benzodiazepines decrease the release of GABA
Benzodiazepines bind to and activate the benzodiazepine site on GABA-A receptors, potentiating the effects of GABA
Benzodiazepines bind to and block the activity of GABA-A receptors
Benzodiazepines inhibit the activity of enzymes that degrade GABA

How do barbiturates modulate GABA-A receptors?

Barbiturates increase the release of GABA
Barbiturates decrease the release of GABA
Barbiturates bind to and activate the barbiturate site on GABA-A receptors, potentiating the effects of GABA
Barbiturates bind to and block the activity of GABA-A receptors
Barbiturates inhibit the activity of enzymes that degrade GABA

How do ethanol modulate GABA-A receptors?

Ethanol increases the release of GABA
Ethanol decreases the release of GABA
Ethanol binds to and activates the ethanol site on GABA-A receptors, potentiating the effects of GABA
Ethanol binds to and blocks the activity of GABA-A receptors
Ethanol inhibit the activity of enzymes that degrade GABA

What is the mechanism of action of cholinesterase inhibitors?

Cholinesterase inhibitors increase the release of acetylcholine
Cholinesterase inhibitors decrease the release of acetylcholine
Cholinesterase inhibitors block the reuptake of acetylcholine
Cholinesterase inhibitors bind to and inhibit the activity of cholinesterase enzymes, which breaks down acetylcholine
Cholinesterase inhibitors bind to and activate acetylcholine receptors

What is the mechanism of action of nicotinic receptor agonists?

Nicotinic receptor agonists increase the release of acetylcholine
Nicotinic receptor agonists decrease the release of acetylcholine
Nicotinic receptor agonists block the reuptake of acetylcholine
Nicotinic receptor agonists bind to and activate nicotinic receptors
Nicotinic receptor agonists inhibit the activity of enzymes that degrade acetylcholine

What is the mechanism of action of muscarinic receptor antagonists?

Muscarinic receptor antagonists bind to and block the activity of muscarinic receptors
Muscarinic receptor antagonists decrease the release of acetylcholine
Muscarinic receptor antagonists block the reuptake of acetylcholine
Muscarinic receptor antagonists increase the release of acetylcholine
Muscarinic receptor antagonists inhibit the activity of enzymes that degrade acetylcholine

What is the mechanism of action of NMDA receptor antagonists?

NMDA receptor antagonists increase the release of excitatory amino acids
NMDA receptor antagonists decrease the release of excitatory amino acids
NMDA receptor antagonists bind to and block the activity of NMDA receptors
NMDA receptor antagonists bind to and activate NMDA receptors
NMDA receptor antagonists inhibit the activity of enzymes that degrade excitatory amino acids

What type of neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with excitatory neurotransmission in the brain?

Serotonin
Dopamine
GABA
Glutamate
Acetylcholine

What are the different subtypes of NMDA receptors and how do they differ in their functional properties?

GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B, GluN2C, GluN2D
GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B, GluN3A, GluN3B
GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B, GluN3A, GluN4A
GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B, GluN2C, GluN2D, GluN3A
GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B, GluN2C, GluN2D, GluN3A, GluN3B

Which of the following neuropeptides is known to play a role in regulating hunger and satiety?

Orexin
Melanin-concentrating hormone
Agouti-related peptide
Neuropeptide Y
Oxytocin

Which of the following neuropeptides is known to play a role in regulating the immune system?

Somatostatin
Neurotensin
Galanin
Substance P
Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Which of the following neuropeptides is known to play a role in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness?

Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Neuropeptide S
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
Pro-opiomelanocortin
Enkephalin

Which of the following is the primary physiological function of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

Stimulation of insulin secretion
Stimulation of gastric acid secretion
Stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion
Inhibition of gastric emptying
Promotion of satiety

In which of the following areas of the brain is cholecystokinin (CCK) known to be produced?

Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Nucleus accumbens
Substantia nigra
Enteric nervous system

What is the effect of cholecystokinin (CCK) on the rate of gastric emptying?

Stimulation
Inhibition
Promotion of secretions
Stimulation of insulin release

Which of the following is the primary physiological function of ghrelin?

Stimulation of insulin secretion
Stimulation of gastric acid secretion
Stimulation of appetite
Inhibition of gastric emptying
Promotion of satiety

What is the effect of ghrelin on insulin and glucose metabolism?

Stimulation of insulin secretion and decrease of glucose levels
Inhibition of insulin secretion and increase of glucose levels
Stimulation of insulin secretion and increase of glucose levels
Inhibition of insulin secretion and decrease of glucose levels
No effect

What is the effect of ghrelin on body weight?

It decreases body weight
It increases body weight
It has no effect on body weight
It decreases body fat
It increases body fat

Which of the following is the primary physiological function of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)?

Stimulation of insulin secretion
Stimulation of gastric acid secretion
Stimulation of appetite
Inhibition of gastric emptying
Promotion of satiety

What is the effect of GLP-1 on beta cells in the pancreas?

Stimulation of insulin secretion and beta cell proliferation
Inhibition of insulin secretion and beta cell apoptosis
Stimulation of insulin secretion and beta cell apoptosis
Inhibition of insulin secretion and beta cell proliferation
No effect

What is the effect of GLP-1 on cardiovascular health?

It decreases blood pressure
It increases blood pressure
It has no effect on blood pressure
It decreases heart rate
It improves endothelial function

Which of the following is the primary physiological function of enkephalins and endorphins?

Stimulation of insulin secretion
Stimulation of gastric acid secretion
Stimulation of appetite
Pain inhibition
Promotion of satiety

Which of the following is a common side effect of opioids, including enkephalins and endorphins?

Stimulation of insulin secretion
Stimulation of gastric acid secretion
Stimulation of appetite
Constipation
Promotion of satiety

Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the endocannabinoid system (ECS)?

Stimulation of insulin secretion
Stimulation of gastric acid secretion
Regulation of appetite
Inhibition of pain
Homeostasis maintenance

Which of the following is a common therapeutic use of cannabinoids, including THC and CBD?

Treatment of diabetes
Treatment of hypertension
Treatment of chronic pain
Treatment of cancer
Treatment of allergies

What is the mechanism of action of endocannabinoids in the regulation of appetite?

Stimulation of insulin secretion
Stimulation of gastric acid secretion
Stimulation of appetite
Inhibition of gastric emptying
Promotion of satiety

Which of the following is the primary physiological function of orexins?

Stimulation of insulin secretion
Stimulation of gastric acid secretion
Promotion of wakefulness
Inhibition of pain
Homeostasis maintenance

What is the relationship between orexins and narcolepsy?

Orexins are increased in narcolepsy
Orexins are decreased in narcolepsy
Orexins have no effect on narcolepsy
Orexins are a cause of narcolepsy
Orexins are a symptom of narcolepsy

What is the relationship between orexins and obesity?

Orexins are increased in obesity
Orexins are decreased in obesity
Orexins have no effect on obesity
Orexins are a cause of obesity
Orexins are a symptom of obesity

Which of the following neurotransmitters systems has been found to be associated with a genetic risk for schizophrenia?

Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
GABA
Glutamate

Which of the following neurotransmitters systems has been found to be associated with a genetic risk for bipolar disorder?

Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
GABA
Glutamate

Which of the following neurotransmitters systems has been found to be associated with a genetic risk for major depressive disorder?

Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
GABA
Glutamate

Which of the following neurotransmitter systems has been found to be associated with a genetic risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
GABA
Glutamate

Which of the following neurotransmitters systems has been found to be associated with a genetic risk for anxiety disorders?

Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
GABA
Glutamate

Which of the following neurotransmitters systems has been found to be associated with a genetic risk for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
GABA
Glutamate

Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of opioids on neurotransmission?

Inhibition of dopamine reuptake
Inhibition of serotonin reuptake
Inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake
Activation of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors
Activation of GABA receptors

Which of the following is a common mental health symptom linked to the recreational use of opioids?

Mania
Depression
Psychosis
Anxiety
Insomnia

Which of the following is a common mental health symptom linked to the recreational use of stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines?

Mania
Depression
Psychosis
Anxiety
Insomnia

Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin on neurotransmission?

Inhibition of serotonin reuptake
Activation of serotonin 2A receptors
Inhibition of dopamine reuptake
Activation of dopamine D2 receptors
Inhibition of GABA receptors

Which of the following is a common mental health symptom linked to the recreational use of psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin?

Mania
Depression
Psychosis
Anxiety
Psychedelic-induced persisting perceptual disorder (PPPD)

Which of the following is a common mechanism of action of ketamine on neurotransmission?

Inhibition of glutamate reuptake
Activation of NMDA receptors
Inhibition of serotonin reuptake
Activation of sigma receptors
Inhibition of GABA receptors

What is the primary event that triggers an action potential in a neuron?

An increase in the membrane potential
A decrease in the membrane potential
The opening of voltage-gated ion channels
The closing of voltage-gated ion channels
The binding of a neurotransmitter to a receptor

What type of ion channels are responsible for the repolarization phase of an action potential?

Voltage-gated ion channels
Ligand-gated ion channels
Leak channels
Potassium-specific ion channels
Sodium-specific ion channels

What is the name of the process by which an action potential is propagated along the axon of a neuron?

Synapse
Axon hillock
Synaptic cleft
Saltatory conduction
Axonal transport

What is the primary role of the neurotransmitter in synaptic transmission?

To generate an action potential b) c) d) e)
To bind to a receptor on the postsynaptic neuron
To increase the membrane potential
To decrease the membrane potential
To promote the release of more neurotransmitters

How does synaptic plasticity contribute to learning and memory?

By strengthening or weakening the connections between neurons
By decreasing the number of neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic neuron
By increasing the number of neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic neuron
By decreasing the number of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron
By increasing the number of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron

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3.3 Neurotransmitters and Receptors Quiz

3.3 Neurotransmitters and Receptors Quiz

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