2.1 Human Development Quiz

What is the main finding of the Thomas and Chess study of child temperament?

The children's temperament can be explained by a single dimension
That children's temperament can be explained by three main dimensions
That children's temperament can be explained by five main dimensions
That children's temperament can be explained by multiple dimensions but with different weight
That children's temperament can be explained by environmental factors only

At what age does precocious puberty typically begin?

Before the age of 8 in girls, and before 9 in boys
Before the age of 7 in girls, and before 8 in boys
Before the age of 6 in girls, and before 7 in boys
Before the age of 5 in girls, and before 6 in boys
Before the age of 4 in girls, and before 5 in boys

What is the main characteristic of level 3 post-conventional morality?

Basing moral decisions on personal or individual beliefs and values
Basing moral decisions on societal norms and rules
Basing moral decisions on a universal ethical principle such as justice or human rights
Basing moral decisions on religious or spiritual beliefs
Basing moral decisions on the well-being of the community or society as a whole

How many types of multiple attachment styles can infants develop?

One
Two
Three
Four
Five

How many normal stages of grief are there?

Two stages
Three stages
Four stages
Five stages
Six stages

How many phases are there in Margaret Mahler’s autistic phase?

One phase
Two phases
Three phases
Four phases
Five phases

What is the age of Margaret Mahler’s symbiotic phase?

three months of age
six months of age
nine months of age
one year of age
eighteen months of age

How many stages are there in Margaret Mahler’s separation-individuation phase?

One phase
Two phases
Three phases
Four phases
Five phases

What are the three sub-stages of childhood rapprochement?

Beginning, Middle, and End
Start, Stop, and Continue
Approach, Avoid, and Resolve
Beginning, Crisis, and Solution
Introduction, Development, and Resolution

At what age do infants typically develop a fear of strangers?

0-3 months
3-4 months
4-5 months
5-6 months
6-7 months

What is the appropriate age to apply the Strange situation procedure by Mary Ainsworth?

0-6 months
6-12 months
12-24 months
24-36 months
5-30 months

At what age does the average boy typically begin puberty?

Between 3 and 8 years
Between 9 and 14 years
Between 15 and 20 years
Between 21 and 25 years
It varies greatly and cannot be determined

What is the average age of puberty for girls?

Between 3 and 5 years
Between 6 and 8 years
Between 8 and 13 years
Between 14 and 16 years
Between 17 and 19 years

Which of the following can be a potential sign of separation anxiety in a baby?

Laughing when a caregiver leaves the room
Falling asleep immediately after a caregiver leaves the room
Crying when a caregiver leaves the room
Playing independently after a caregiver leaves the room
Refusing to eat when a caregiver leaves the room

What are attachment behaviours in early childhood?

Laughing, talking, walking
Crying, reaching, crawling
Eating, sleeping, playing
Screaming, kicking, hitting
None of the above

Which age period do fears of rejection by peer groups begin?

Birth to 1 year
1-2 years
2-3 years
3-4 years
4-5 years

At what age does telegraphic speech begin?

Between 12 and 18 months
Between 18 and 24 months
Between 24 and 30 months
Between 30 and 36 months
After 36 months

At what age can gender identity be recognized?

Between 18 and 24 months
Between 2 and 3 years
Between 3 and 4 years
Between 4 and 5 years
Not until after 5 years

At what age do young children typically develop the theory of mind?

Between ages 2-3
Between ages 3-4
Between ages 4-5
Between ages 5-6
Between ages 6-7

At what age do babies start cooing?

Between 1-2 weeks
Between 3-4 weeks
Between 5-6 weeks
Between 6-8 weeks
Between 9-10 weeks

At what age do babies start babbling?

Between 0-3 months
Between 3-6 months
Between 6-9 months
Between 9-12 months
Between 12-18 months

At what age does the typical two-word stage occur in child language development?

Between 12-18 months
Between 19-26 months
Between 27-36 months
Between 37-48 months
After 48 months

At what age do infants typically begin to pronounce basic adult grammatical sentences?

Between 3-6 months
Between 6-9 months
Between 9-12 months
Between 12-18 months
After 18 months

At what age can a baby provide adult speech?

Between 6 – 8 months
Between 9 – 11 months
Between 12 – 15 months
Between 16 – 18 months
Between 19 – 24 months

What is the age range of visual acuity development?

Birth to age 5
Between the ages of 5 and the mid teenage years
Late teenage years to early adulthood
Early adulthood to middle age
Middle age to old age

What is the visual acuity of a newborn baby?

20/20
20/40
20/100
20/200
20/400

What is the name of Erikson’s third stage of development?

Trust versus mistrust
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Initiative versus guilt
Industry versus inferiority
Identity versus role confusion

Which of the following best describes Erikson’s fourth stage of development?

Occurs between the ages of 0-2
Occurs between the ages of 3-6
Occurs between the ages of 7-13
Occurs between the ages of 14-18
Occurs between the ages of 19-24

Which of the following is the name of Erikson’s sixth stage of development?

Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Intimacy vs. isolation

What is the main premise of Bowlby’s attachment behavior theory?

Attachments to others are formed biologically pre-programmed
Attachments to others are formed through classical conditioning
Attachments to others are formed through operant conditioning
Attachments to others are formed through social learning
Attachments to others are formed through observation

At what age is Bowlby’s attachment theory primarily focused?

Birth to 3 months
3 months to 6 months
6 months to 12 months
12 months to 18 months
Birth to 18 months

What is the main characteristic of Piaget’s concrete operational stage?

Characterized by a child's ability to understand and use symbols, such as words and numbers
Characterized by a child's ability to understand and use their own body movements and coordination
Characterized by a child's ability to understand and use objects in the environment
Characterized by a child's ability to understand and use social interactions and communication
Characterized by logical operations, such as conservation, reversibility or classification, allowing logical reasoning

When does Piaget’s sensorimotor stage occur?

During adolescence
During early childhood
During infancy
During middle childhood
The first stage of your child's life

What is a feature of sensorimotor stage?

The child learning to walk and talk
The child discovering the difference between themselves and their environment
The child developing the ability to think abstractly
The child learning to read and write
The child developing a sense of morality

In Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development, what is the main characteristic of young children’s thinking abilities?

Young children are able to think about things symbolically
Young children are able to perform mental operations
Young children are able to understand conservation
Young children are able to understand causality
Young children are able to understand the concept of time

At which stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development do individuals begin to think logically and abstractly?

Sensorimotor stage
Preoperational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operational stage
fourth and final stage in Piaget's theory

The ability for an infant to understand that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible is known as:

Object permanence
Object transience
Object recognition
Object memory
Object manipulation

What is the definition of “equilibration”?

The act of destabilizing something or making it less stable
The act of balancing two opposing forces
The act of maintaining a consistent temperature
The act of reaching a state of balance or stability
The act of stabilizing something or making it more stable

At what age do infants typically demonstrate an understanding of object permanence through playing peek-a-boo?

Between birth and 3 months old
Between 3 and 6 months old
Between 6 months and a year old
Between 1 and 2 years old
After 2 years old

What are the stages of reading development in children’s reading development?

Emergent reading, early reading, transitional reading, and fluent reading
Pre-reading, beginner reading, intermediate reading, and advanced reading
Phonetic reading, sight reading, comprehension reading, and critical reading
Decoding, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension
None of the above

What is the stage and approximate age range for Kohlberg’s pre-conventional morality?

The first stage of moral development, and lasts until approximately age 9
The second stage of moral development, and lasts until approximately age 12
The third stage of moral development, and lasts until approximately age 15
The fourth stage of moral development, and lasts until approximately age 18
The fifth and final stage of moral development, and lasts throughout adulthood

What is Kohlberg’s conventional morality?

The belief that morality is determined by religious teachings
The belief that morality is determined by personal feelings and desires
An acceptance of society's conventions concerning right and wrong
The belief that morality is determined by the laws of nature
The belief that morality is determined by individual reasoning and understanding

According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, what is the key characteristic of individuals who have reached the post-conventional level?

They base their actions on societal norms and conventions
They follow the rules set by authority figures
They rely on their own feelings and emotions to guide their actions
They live by their own ethical principles, including basic human rights such as life, liberty, and justice
They make decisions based on the potential consequences for themselves and others

What are some methods used to assess a child’s cognitive abilities without relying on verbal communication?

Non-verbal assessments
Verbal assessments
Written assessments
Psychological assessments
Behavioral assessments

What is the name of the Cambridge Study by Farrington et al.?

Criminal Development
Juvenile Delinquency
Delinquent Behavior
Delinquent Trajectories
Delinquent Development

What is the most common cause of slow language development?

Lack of exposure to language
Hearing loss
Intellectual disability
Autism spectrum disorder
May have problems controlling the muscles used for speech

What is Imprinting?

A primary stage of emotional and neurobehavioral development in which the infant recognises its mother through oral tactile memory for continuing evolutionary survival.
A method of training animals to recognize and respond to certain stimuli.
The process of creating an impression on a material surface.
A form of genetic modification in which specific genes are activated or deactivated.
A type of memory consolidation that occurs during sleep.

What is Melanie Klein’s depressive position?

A psychological disorder characterized by persistent sadness and low mood
A stage in human development when infants first experience separation anxiety
A mental constellation defined by Klein as central to the child's development, normally first experienced towards the middle of the first year of life
A psychoanalytic theory of personality development
A technique for treating depression through talk therapy

At what age can a baby provide adult speech?

2 months
6 months
1 year
2 years
If your child reaches the age of 3

What is the primary cause of anaclitic depression?

Lack of social interaction
Genetic predisposition
Nutritional deficiencies
Separation between an infant and its birthing parent or primary caregiver
Trauma or abuse

What is the main purpose of the Ainsworth Strange Situation experiment?

To measure the effects of different parenting styles on child development
To assess the quality of a child's attachment to their primary caregiver
To study the social and emotional development of infants
To investigate the impact of daycare on child-parent attachment
To examine the relationship between temperament and attachment

What is Resistant attachment behavior?

When a child consistently seeks contact with their caregiver and becomes upset when separated.
When a child shows little emotion when separated from their caregiver and may not seek contact upon their return.
When a child becomes withdrawn and isolated when separated from their caregiver and may not respond to their return.
When a child becomes overly clingy and dependent on their caregiver and may not be able to function without them.
When they are separated from a caregiver, they may become very distressed and may be angry, and resist contact when the caregiver returns, and not quickly.

What is the main cause of disorganized attachment behavior in children?

A lack of physical touch and affection from the parent
A traumatic event experienced by the child
A genetic predisposition
A parent's overprotective or controlling behavior
A parent's consistent failure to respond appropriately to their child's distress, or by a parent's inconsistent response to their child's feelings of fear or distress

Which of the following best describes anxious-avoidant attachment behavior?

Fear of being alone and constantly seeking out new relationships
Struggling to trust others and being emotionally distant
Fear of rejection and being overly clingy in relationships
Distrust and lash out emotionally at anyone who tries to get close to them.
None of the above

What is considered to be a characteristic of secure attachment behavior in young children?

Showing little emotion when their caregiver leaves or returns
Being clingy and overly dependent on their caregiver
Being indifferent to their caregiver's presence or absence
Showing intense distress and not being able to compose themselves when their caregiver leaves or returns
Showing some distress when their caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves quickly when the caregiver returns.

Which of the following is the correct age at which a baby can provide adult speech?

1 year old
2 years old
If your child reaches the age of 3
4 years old
5 years old

According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which of the following statements is true?

Children's behavior is unrelated to their cognitive development
Children's cognitive development is determined by their environment
Children's cognitive development is determined by their genetics
Children's thinking remains the same throughout their life
As children's thinking develops from one stage to the next, their behavior also changes, reflecting these cognitive developments

What is attachment theory?

A theory about the physical attachment of body parts
A theory about the attachment of objects to surfaces
A psychological, evolutionary and ethological theory concerning relationships between humans
A theory about the attachment of emotions to memories
A theory about the attachment of animals to their environment

At what age does the conventional stage of morality typically develop in children?

Between 6 – 9 months
Between 9 – 12 months
Between 12 – 15 months
Between 15 – 18 months
Between 18 – 24 months

What is the most common attachment style in adults?

Anxious-preoccupied attachment style
Avoidant attachment style
Secure attachment style
Fearful-avoidant attachment style
Disorganized attachment style

What is the state of helplessness?

A state of being physically unable to move
A state of being mentally unable to think
A state of being emotionally unable to feel
A state that occurs after a person has experienced a stressful situation repeatedly
A state of being spiritually lost

What is “Symbolic thought”?

The ability to understand and use language
The ability to imagine and create mental images
The ability to think abstractly and understand concepts
The ability to use symbols (e.g., words and images) and mental representations of objects or events to represent the world
The ability to reason and make logical connections

What is transductive reasoning?

When a child reasons from general to specific, drawing a relationship between two separate events that are otherwise unrelated.
When a child reasons from specific to general, drawing a relationship between two separate events that are otherwise unrelated.
When a child reasons from specific to specific, drawing a relationship between two separate events that are otherwise unrelated.
When a child reasons from general to general, drawing a relationship between two separate events that are otherwise unrelated.
When a child reasons from specific to general, drawing a relationship between two separate events that are related.

What is the definition of “Egocentrism”?

Excessive interest in oneself and concern for one's own welfare or advantage at the expense of or in disregard of others
A belief in the inherent goodness of humanity
The ability to understand and share the feelings of another
The study of the origins of human society
The ability to think critically and rationally.

What is the definition of “centration” in psychology?

The tendency to focus on one salient aspect of a situation and neglect other, possibly relevant aspects
The tendency to focus on multiple aspects of a situation
The tendency to focus on the most important aspect of a situation
The tendency to focus on the least important aspect of a situation
The tendency to focus on the most interesting aspect of a situation

What is the symbiotic relationship between a mother and child?

Mother provides food and shelter while the child provides companionship
Mother has the wish to love and protect her baby.
Child provides protection and security while the mother provides emotional support
Both share a mutual dependency on each other for survival
Child provides emotional support while the mother provides financial support

What is the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) in relation to children gathering information about the rules of language?

A specific region of the brain responsible for language learning
A method of teaching language through repetition and drills
A set of grammar rules that all languages must adhere to
A purported instinctive mental capacity which enables an infant to acquire and produce language
A tool for measuring a child's progress in language acquisition

Which of the following best describes the approach to dealing with abandoned children?

A passive attitude towards their care
A reactive approach to dealing with their needs
A pro-active policy of providing support and resources
A focus on punishment for their abandonment
An emphasis on adoption as the only solution

Which of the following best describes the purpose of conservation tasks?

To test a child's ability to remember items over time
To test a child's ability to count items accurately
To test a child's ability to match items based on colour
To test a child's ability to recognize different shapes
To test a child's ability to see how some items remain the same in some ways, even as you change something about them, for instance, their shape

In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, what is a characteristic of a child in the pre-operational stage when it comes to understanding the concept of a mountain?

Ability to understand the concept of conservation
Demonstrate egocentrism
Ability to understand the concept of reversible operations
Ability to understand the concept of seriation
Ability to understand the concept of spatial relationships

Which of the following best describes the concept of conservation in the pre-operational stage of cognitive development?

The ability to recognize that an object still exists even when it is hidden from view
The understanding that objects can be transformed from one state to another through physical means
The realization that different words can be used to refer to the same object
The awareness that objects can be grouped based on their similarities
The understanding that something stays the same in quantity even though its appearance changes

What is the purpose of the visual cliff experiment?

To determine the extent to which a developing organism relies on vision as its primary source of information about the environment
To investigate the role of vision in the development of depth perception
To examine the effects of visual stimulation on the development of perception
To study the relationship between depth perception and other sensory systems
To assess the influence of environmental factors on the development of perceptual abilities.

When was the visual cliff experiment?

1955
1957
1959
1961
1963

According to Thomas and Chess classification of temperaments, which of the following options best describes a child’s behavior?

Easy and fast-to-warm
Difficult and slow-to-warm
Easy and slow-to-warm
Difficult and fast-to-warm
Slow-to-warm, difficult and easy

What is the definition of the Oedipus complex?

A complex involving a child's desire for sexual involvement with their mother and a concomitant sense of rivalry with their father
A complex involving a child's fear of their father and a desire to replace him
A complex involving a child's desire for power and control over their family
A complex involving a child's desire for attention and affection from their parents
A desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a concomitant sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex

What is the Electra complex?

A term used to describe the female version of the Oedipus complex
A type of electric circuit
A term used to describe a love triangle
A Greek mythological figure
A psychological disorder characterized by a fear of electricity

What is the term used to describe the emotional distress that many parents feel when their children move out of the family home?

Empty nest syndrome
Parental separation anxiety
Family restructuring stress
Empty nest distress
Refers to the grief that many parents feel when their children move out of home.

What is a period of transition and self-doubt that often occurs in a person’s 40s or 50s?

A midlife crisis
The quarter-life crisis
The teenage angst
The retirement blues
The golden years

What is the definition of separation anxiety?

A normal phase of development that occurs in infants and young children
A fear of being alone in a specific location
A fear of being separated from a specific person
Diagnosed when symptoms are excessive for the developmental age and cause significant distress in daily functioning
A fear of loud noises or sudden movements

What are some common fears characteristic in infancy?

Loud sounds or loss of support
Darkness or spiders
Social rejection or failure
Heights or enclosed spaces
Snakes or insects

What attachment style do orphans have?

Secure attachment
Anxious attachment
Avoidant attachment
Anxious or avoidant attachment
Disorganized attachment

What is the definition of “gender role”?

A set of expectations for the behaviours, attitudes, and activities that are considered appropriate for men and women in a given culture or society
A physical characteristic determined by biology
A personal identity or self-perception
A type of clothing or fashion
A social role encompassing a range of behaviours and attitudes that are generally considered acceptable

How can losing a parent impact children’s brain development?

Increased aggression and impulsivity
Disturbed sleep, loss of appetite, and anxiety
Improved memory and concentration
Reduced emotional intelligence
Increased risk-taking behavior

What is contract orientation?

A type of legal contract used in business
A way to organize a construction project
A method for teaching children about responsibility
A perceived agreement among the people of a state about the rules that will define their government
A way to design a website layout

What is the “good boy/good girl orientation” of conventional morality primarily focused on?

Achieving personal happiness and fulfilment
Seeking revenge or punishment for wrongs
Following religious teachings and doctrine
Helping others and making a positive impact on society
Living up to social expectations and roles

What is “goodness of fit”?

A measure of the similarity between two sets of data
A test for the significance of a correlation coefficient
A statistical test that determines how well sample data fits a distribution from a population with a normal distribution
A method for estimating the parameters of a statistical model
A technique for comparing the performance of different machine learning models

In child development, what is the typical response to mistakes?

Children view mistakes as a learning opportunity and do not feel guilty about them.
Children feel guilty about mistakes and believe they are somehow "bad."
Children blame others for their mistakes and do not take responsibility.
Children view mistakes as a sign of being inferior to others.
Children do not have the capability to feel guilt or remorse.

At what age do children begin to experience disgust?

Children experience physical disgust from a very early age
Children begin to experience disgust in their teenage years
Children do not experience disgust until they are adults Disgust is not a normal part of child development
Disgust is not a normal part of child development
Children experience disgust only when they are exposed to certain situations

How can family affect the development of a child’s personality?

By providing a stable and secure environment
By teaching how to trust, and seek friendships from others
By instilling values and beliefs
By exposing the child to different cultural experiences
By providing financial stability

Which of the following best describes the stage of “Identity vs role confusion” in adolescent development?

Characterized by a focus on achieving academic success
Characterized by the development of social skills
Characterized by the adolescent question of "Who am I," during which time they are conflicted with dozens of values and ideas of who they should be and what they should think.
Characterized by the development of physical coordination
Characterized by a focus on achieving financial independence

At which stage of Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development do individuals experience a conflict between autonomy and shame?

Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Second stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

Which of the following best describes “basic trust vs mistrust”?

A theory of cognitive development in early childhood
A concept in attachment theory
A type of defence mechanism in psychology
The first of Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development, between birth and 18 months of age
A principle in moral development

According to the theory of psychosocial development by Erik Erikson, what is the name of the stage in which children enter into the greater society beyond the family for the first time?

Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Industry vs Inferiority
Identity vs Role Confusion
Intimacy vs Isolation

What is the stage of psychosocial development that pertains to the tension between generativity vs stagnation?

The first stage of psychosocial development
The second stage of psychosocial development
The third stage of psychosocial development
The fourth stage of psychosocial development
The seventh stage of psychosocial development

What are the effects of being separated from parents?

Increased risk of obesity
Better academic performance
Difficulty with social functioning, attachment issues, and PTSD
More independence
Improved mental health

What is the purpose of initiation ceremonies for entering adulthood?

To mark the transition from childhood to adulthood
To establish a person's social status within a community
To teach important life skills and cultural values
To symbolize the end of a person's formal education
All of the above

What are some possible negative outcomes of going through emerging adulthood?

Increased financial stability and career success
Mood disorders, greater anxiety, and higher rates of substance use
Improved physical health and fitness
Stronger relationships and social support networks
Greater life satisfaction and overall well-being

Who first coined the terms “introversion” and “extroversion”?

Sigmund Freud
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Carl Jung
None of the above

What is Ex-institutional syndrome?

A medical condition caused by living in a prison or mental hospital
A psychological disorder that affects people who have spent time in institutions
A term used to describe the physical deterioration of individuals who have been institutionalized
Deficits or disabilities in social and life skills, which develop after a person has spent a long period living in mental hospitals, prisons or other remote institutions.
A condition that only affects individuals who have been institutionalized for short periods of time.

What is the function of the Superego in the personality?

The Superego is responsible for maintaining the individual's sense of self-worth.
The Superego is responsible for regulating the individual's impulses and desires.
The Superego is responsible for providing the individual with a sense of identity.
The Superego is responsible for providing the moral standards by which the ego operates.
The Superego is responsible for mediating the conflict between the Id and Ego.

At which stage of psychosexual development does the infant’s libido centre upon their genitalia as the erogenous zone?

Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency stage
Genital stage

At which stage in human development does the primary focus of pleasure and gratification come from the mouth and oral activities?

Anal stage (18 months to 3 years)
Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)
Latency stage (6 to 12 years)
Genital stage (puberty and adulthood)
Genital stage (puberty and adulthood)

During the “anal stage” of psychosexual development, what is the primary focus of pleasure for a child according to Sigmund Freud?

The mouth
The genitals
The anus
The hands
The feet

During which stage of psychosexual development is a child’s energy, or libido, said to shift from being inwardly focused to more socially focused?

Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency stage
Genital stage

At which stage of psychosexual development does the focus of pleasure shift to the genitals?

Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency stage
Begins with the onset of puberty

How does working memory affect children’s development and learning?

It improves short-term memory recall
It enhances ability to multitask
It increases attention span
It affects learning in different subject areas
It improves spatial reasoning abilities

What is the main focus of “Object relations theory”?

A school of thought in psychoanalytic theory centred around theories of stages of ego development
A therapeutic approach focusing on the patient's relationships with others
A method of studying the development of the self in relation to the physical and social environment
A theory of how the brain processes and interprets sensory information
A perspective on the psychological effects of social and cultural influences

What is the main idea behind Monotropy attachment, as described by Bowlby?

A child has an innate need to attach to multiple attachment figures
A child's attachment to a caregiver is based on the caregiver's behavior
A child can form multiple attachments to different attachment figures
A child has an innate need to attach to one main attachment figure
A child's attachment to a caregiver is based on the child's needs

What is the secure base effect?

Children are able to explore their environment without stress because they feel safe knowing that they can return to their caregiver
A phenomenon in which children experience increased anxiety when separated from their caregivers
The tendency for children to form attachments to inanimate objects as a secure base.
The increased likelihood of children developing physical health problems when separated from their caregivers.
The tendency for children to form multiple attachments to different caregivers.

What factors protect against child abuse in families?

Parental stress
Financial instability
Social isolation
Protective Factors for Child Abuse and Neglect
Substance abuse

What factors increase the risk of child abuse in families?

Socioeconomic factors
Family Risk Factors
Parental mental health issues
Parental substance abuse
Neighbourhood crime rate

What is the name of the study conducted by Thomas and Chess which is widely considered one of the most influential studies in the field of child development?

The Boston Study
The Chicago Study
The San Francisco Study
The Philadelphia Study
New York Longitudinal Study

Which personality disorder is most likely to be associated with an anxious insecure attachment style?

Schizophrenia
Borderline personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Avoidant personality disorder

What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder?

A type of anxiety disorder
A type of behavior disorder
A type of mood disorder
A type of personality disorder
A type of cognitive disorder

What is the definition of permissive parenting?

A style of child-rearing that focuses on setting strict rules and enforcing consequences for misbehaviour.
A style of child-rearing that emphasizes independence and autonomy for children.
A style of child-rearing that emphasizes the importance of communication and mutual respect between parents and children.
A style of child-rearing that features two key traits: being nurturing and warm (which is good for kids), and being reluctant to impose limits (which is problematic).
A style of child-rearing that emphasizes the importance of discipline and structure in a child's life.

Which of the following best describes authoritative parenting?

The parents are permissive and do not set any limits for their children.
The parents are strict and use physical punishment to discipline their children.
The parents are uninvolved and do not take an active role in their children's lives.
The parents are neglectful and do not provide for the basic needs of their children.
The parents are nurturing, responsive, and supportive, yet set firm limits for their children.

What is the definition of neglectful parenting?

A style of parenting where parents are overprotective and control their child's every move
A style of parenting where parents are overly permissive and let their child do as they please
A style of parenting where parents are emotionally distant and uninvolved
A style of parenting where parents are physically abusive towards their child
A style of parenting where parents don't respond to their child's needs or desires beyond the basics of food, clothing, and shelter

What is the definition of “Authoritarian parenting”?

A relaxed and permissive parenting style
An extremely strict parenting style
A democratic parenting style
A hands-off parenting style
A parenting style that focuses on the child's independence

According to Freud’s psychosexual theory, which of the following best describes the five stages of human development?

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Cognitive, emotional, social, physical, and moral
Trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, and identity
Self-actualization, self-esteem, self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, and postformal

What stage is castration anxiety?

Between the ages of 1 and 2
Between the ages of 2 and 3
Between the ages of 4 and 6
Between the ages of 5 and 7
Between the ages of 3 and 5

What is the primary cause of castration anxiety?

Fear of physical injury or harm to the genitals
Trauma related to past sexual experiences
Societal pressure to conform to gender norms
Guilt about Oedipal fantasies
Insecurity about one's sexual abilities

What is the definition of “Enmeshed attachment”?

A dependent style with high need for proximity and under-developed autonomy
An independent style with low need for proximity and well-developed autonomy
A secure style with moderate need for proximity and balanced autonomy
An avoidant style with low need for proximity and high autonomy
A disorganized style with high need for proximity and low autonomy

What are the effects of privation on attachment in children?

Clinging, dependent behavior, attention-seeking and indiscriminate friendliness, then as the child matures, an inability to keep rules, form lasting relationships, or feel guilt.
Increased independence and self-sufficiency, improved social skills, and stronger emotional bonds with caregivers.
A lack of interest in social interactions, decreased ability to form attachments, and difficulty regulating emotions.
Greater susceptibility to anxiety and depression, difficulty trusting others, and increased aggression.
Decreased cognitive development, delayed language acquisition, and lower academic achievement.

What are some effects of deprivation of attachment?

Tantrums, clingy, withdrawn, or aggressive behaviours
Increased intelligence and self-sufficiency
Improved social skills and outgoingness
Increased physical growth and strength
Improved emotional regulation and mental health

What are common child symptoms of acute separation reaction?

Laughing and joking
Sleeping and yawning
Crying, tantrums, or clinginess
Whispering and hiding
Singing and dancing

What are the five stages of the Kubler-Ross Grief Cycle?

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance
Shock, confusion, guilt, anger and resolution
Numbness, sadness, acceptance, hope and happiness
Confusion, bargaining, anger, acceptance and hope
Denial, bargaining, anger, depression, acceptance and resolution

What age do children typically have imaginary friends?

Birth to 2 years old
2 to 4 years old
4 to 6 years old
6 to 8 years old
Between the ages of 3 and 5

What is regression in child development?

A child's return to an earlier stage of development
A child's lack of progress in a certain area
A child's acting in a younger or needier way
A child's sudden fear of separation
A child's loss of previously acquired skills

What is the primary focus of Object Relations theory?

The study of unconscious thoughts and feelings
A school of thought in psychoanalytic theory centred around theories of stages of ego development
The examination of the relationship between the mind and the body
An approach to understanding group dynamics
A method for treating addiction

According to Freud, what is the essence of repression?

The act of repressing memories and emotions in order to protect the psyche
The process of eliminating unwanted thoughts and feelings from the mind
The mechanism by which the ego controls the impulses of the id
The technique of blocking out traumatic experiences to avoid emotional distress
The essence of repression lies simply in turning something away, and keeping it at a distance, from the conscious.

What is the final stage of play in children’s development?

Solitary play
Parallel play
Associative play
Cooperative play
None of the above

At what age do children typically begin to prefer rule-governed pretending and formal games in their play?

By age two
By age three
By age four
By age five or six
By age seven or eight

What is symbolic play in children?

When a child plays with dolls
When a child imitates the actions of others
When a child plays with toys in a specific way
When a child uses objects to stand in for other objects
When a child plays alone

What is the semiotic function?

The ability to communicate through language
The ability to understand and interpret symbols
The ability to create and use metaphors
All imaginative and depictive actions of the human mind
The ability to express emotions through body language

What is the definition of “Rouge test” in the context of childhood development?

A measure of memory retention in young children
A method for assessing fine motor skills in infants
A tool for evaluating language development in toddlers
All imaginative and depictive actions of the human mind
A measure of spatial reasoning abilities in pre-schoolers

At what age do babies typically first display a social smile?

By the end of their first month
By the end of their second month
By the end of their third month
By the end of their fourth month
By the end of their fifth month

What is the name of the social disengagement theory in childhood development?

Piaget disengagement theory
Vygotsky disengagement theory
Erikson disengagement theory
Bowlby disengagement theory
Bronfenbrenner disengagement theory

What is the main concept of “Social non-reengagement theory”?

People become more socially active as they approach death
People lose interest in socializing as they get older
People become more isolated from their community as they approach death
People become more engaged in their community as they approach death
People lose social ties to those around them as they approach death

What is “social exchange theory”?

A concept based on the notion that a relationship between two people is created through a process of cost-benefit analysis
A theory that explains how individuals interact with each other in a society
A way of analysing the economic interactions between individuals and organizations
A model for understanding how social networks form and evolve over time
A theory that explains how culture and language develop within a society

What does the socio-emotional selectivity theory claim about the role of time in the selection and pursuit of social goals?

Time is irrelevant to the selection and pursuit of social goals
Time has a negative impact on the selection and pursuit of social goals
Time has a positive impact on the selection and pursuit of social goals
Time is a minor factor in the selection and pursuit of social goals
Time plays a fundamental role in the selection and pursuit of social goals

What did Harlow’s rhesus monkey studies conclude?

The importance of food and water for primate development
The effects of isolation on primate behavior
The role of physical exercise in primate growth
The influence of social interaction on primate cognition
Contact comfort on primate development

What is the first stage of bereavement?

Acceptance
Anger
Bargaining
Denial
Depression

What is the second stage of bereavement?

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

What is the third stage of Bereavement?

Bargaining
Anger
Denial
Depression
Acceptance

What does the telegraphic period of language development occur?

Between the ages of 1 to 1 1/2-years
Between the ages of 2 to 2 1/2-years
Between the ages of 3 to 3 1/2-years
Between the ages of 4 to 4 1/2-years
Between the ages of 5 to 5 1/2-years

What are the different stages of attachment behaviours in early childhood?

Prelinguistic stage, Babbling stage, Holophrastic stage, Two word stage, Telegraphic stage, Multi word stage
Crawling stage, Walking stage, Running stage, Jumping stage
Potty-training stage, Dressing-oneself stage, Feeding-oneself stage
Laughing stage, Crying stage, Yelling stage
Sleeping through the night stage, Napping stage, Dreaming stage

According to Freud, how many topographic theories of mind are there?

One
Two
Three
Four
Five

Why does a child lack empathy for other children?

Due to their stage of development and lack of lived experience.
Because they have been raised in a neglectful environment.
Because they have a genetic predisposition for sociopathy.
Due to exposure to violent media.
Because they have not been taught empathy by their parents.

At what age do children appear to develop a theory of mind?

By age one
By age two
By age three
By age four
By age five

What is animism in child development?

The belief that animals have souls
The belief that plants have consciousness
The belief that natural objects have supernatural powers
The belief that toys have feelings
The belief that inanimate objects have a life force

What are the universal ethical orientations proposed by Kohlberg?

Equality, justice, dignity, and respect
Self-interest, power, and status
Honour, duty, and obedience
Pleasure, happiness, and self-fulfilment
Loyalty, tradition, and authority

What is the good enough mother theory?

The belief that mothers should be perfect and always meet the child's needs without fail
The idea that mothers should prioritize their own needs above their child's
The concept that mothers should only provide for the child's physical needs, but not emotional needs
The principle that mothers should be emotionally distant and detached from their child
The theory that being physically and emotionally available towards the baby and meeting the baby's needs responsively is sufficient for a mother

What are the stages of Vygotsky’s theory in speech and language development?

External, egocentric, and inner speech
Internal, egocentric, and inner speech
External, sociocentric, and inner speech
Internal, sociocentric, and inner speech
External, egocentric, and inner silence

What is zone of proximal development in child development?

The stage in which a child learns to walk and talk
The space between what a child can do independently and what a child can do with assistance
The range of abilities a child has at a specific age
The space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers
The stage in which a child learns to read and write

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