1.2 Social Psychology Quiz

Which of the following is NOT a way that people might try to reduce cognitive dissonance?

Changing their attitudes or beliefs to be more consistent with their actions
Justifying their actions by reframing them in a positive light
Denying that the inconsistency between their beliefs and actions exists
Seeking out new information or experiences that support their existing beliefs
All of the above are ways that people might try to reduce cognitive dissonance

Which of the following statements about the mirror test is NOT true?

The mirror test is a tool used to measure self-awareness in animals.
The mirror test involves placing a dot on an animal's body and seeing if they try to remove it when they see their reflection.
The mirror test involves placing a dot on an animal's body and seeing if they try to remove it when they see their reflection.
The mirror test has been passed by a number of species, including chimpanzees, elephants, and dolphins.
The mirror test is a reliable measure of intelligence.

At what age does a child pass the mirror test?

18 months
4 months
12 months
24 months
6 months

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence the effectiveness of persuasive communication?

The credibility of the speaker
The emotional state of the audience
The level of prior knowledge of the audience about the topic
The length of the persuasive message
The amount of supporting evidence provided

Which of the following statements about self-serving bias is NOT true?

Self-serving bias is the tendency to attribute one's own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors
Self-serving bias is a universal phenomenon that is present in all individuals
Self-serving bias can lead to an inflated sense of self-worth
Self-serving bias can lead to a distorted view of reality
Self-serving bias is a type of cognitive bias that is specific to certain cultures

Which of the following is NOT a way that people might try to reduce cognitive dissonance?

Changing their attitudes or beliefs to be more consistent with their actions
Justifying their actions by reframing them in a positive light
Seeking out new information or experiences that support their existing beliefs
Denying that the inconsistency between their beliefs and actions exists
Confronting the inconsistency and seeking to change their behavior in the future

Which of the following is NOT a factor that has been found to influence aggression?

Genetic factors
Environmental factors
Cognitive factors
Social learning
Cultural values

Which of the following is NOT a factor that has been found to influence aggression in primates?

Dominance hierarchies
Mating competition
Territorial behaviour
Access to resources
Personal values

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence an individual to conform to the views of the group?

The desire to be liked and accepted by the group.
The perceived expertise or authority of the group.
The size of the group.
The individual's personal values and beliefs.
The cohesiveness of the group.

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of groupthink?

The group members believe that the group's decisions are always right and that they are invulnerable to any harm or negative consequences.
The group members are willing to suppress their own doubts and reservations about the group's decisions.
The group members are highly cohesive and united in their views and actions.
The group members are open to considering alternative viewpoints and ideas.
The group members are highly critical and sceptical of the group's decisions.

Which of the following is NOT an example of the fundamental attribution error?

A person attributes their own success to their hard work and ability, but attributes the failures of others to their lack of effort or ability.
A person attributes the behavior of their own group to the group's goals and values, but attributes the behavior of other groups to the individual characteristics of their members.
A person attributes their own failures to external factors such as bad luck or external obstacles, but attributes the successes of others to internal factors such as talent or intelligence.
A person attributes their own actions to situational factors, but attributes the actions of others to their personality or character.
A person attributes their own negative emotions to external factors such as stress or environmental triggers, but attributes the negative emotions of others to their personality or disposition.

Which of the following statements about the fundamental attribution error is NOT true?

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute others' behaviours to their personal characteristics or dispositions.
The fundamental attribution error is more likely to occur when people are in a positive emotional state.
The fundamental attribution error is more likely to occur when people are in a negative emotional state.
The fundamental attribution error is less likely to occur when people have more information about the context in which a behavior occurs.
The fundamental attribution error is a universal phenomenon that is present in all individuals.

Which of the following correctly describes the fundamental attribution error?

The tendency to attribute others' behaviours to their personal characteristics or dispositions, rather than considering the role of external or situational factors
The tendency to attribute one's own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors
The tendency to overestimate the influence of personal characteristics and underestimate the influence of situational factors on one's own behavior
The tendency to underestimate the influence of personal characteristics and overestimate the influence of situational factors on others' behavior
The tendency to attribute the behaviours of animals to their personal characteristics or dispositions

The theory of mind is poorly developed in which of the following disorders?

Major depressive disorders
ADHD
Bipolar affective disorder
Schizophrenia
Autism spectrum disorders

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of theory of mind?

The ability to attribute mental states, such as thoughts, feelings, and beliefs, to oneself and others
The ability to understand that others may have different thoughts, feelings, and beliefs than oneself
The ability to use language
The ability to understand that mental states can cause behavior
The ability to understand that others can have false beliefs

Which of the following is NOT a component of self-concept?

Self-esteem
Self-perception
Self-image
Social identity
Personal values

Which of the following best describes self-image?

How an individual sees their physical and mental state
How an individual only sees their mental state
How an individual feels about themselves
How an individual sees themselves in a given state
The ability to notice oneself separate from others

Which of the following is the first aspect of self-concept to develop?

Self-esteem
Self-perception
Self-image
Social identity
Personal values

What is cognitive dissonance?

Inconsistency in cognitions
Aspect of group think
A complex thought disorder
Attributing one's own successes to internal factors
Underestimation of personal characteristics

Anonymity, group size, physical distance from the group, and role ambiguity’ can all lead to what concept?

Group think
Polarization
Risky shift phenomenon
Deindividuation
Cognitive dissonance

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can lead to deindividuation?

Anonymity
Group size
Physical distance from the group
Role ambiguity
Personal accountability

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can contribute to the diffusion of responsibility?

Group size
Anonymity
Physical distance from the group
Role ambiguity
Personal accountability

People often avoid becoming involved or intervening when someone requires help. This is especially noted when others are around to provide help instead. This phenomenon is referred to as?

Bystander intervention
Persuasion
Diffusion of responsibility
Role ambiguity
Personal accountability

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of pluralistic ignorance?

The assumption that one's own beliefs or behaviours are not typical of the group
The belief that others in the group hold different beliefs or engage in different behaviours than oneself
The failure to accurately perceive the beliefs or behaviours of others in the group
The tendency to conform to the perceived norms of the group, even if they differ from one's own beliefs or behaviours
The tendency to openly express one's beliefs or behaviours in the group

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence whether an individual will intervene in an emergency situation as a bystander?

The personal values of the bystander
The number of other bystanders present
The perceived risk to the bystander
The perceived severity of the emergency
The perceived responsibility of the bystander

Which of the following is NOT a behavioral component of Allport’s concept of prejudice?

Discrimination
Stereotyping
Altruism
Scapegoating
Prejudgement

Which of the following is NOT a component of Allport’s concept of prejudice?

An unjustified negative attitude towards an individual or group based on their membership in a particular group
Discrimination against the individual or group
Stereotyping of the individual or group
Scapegoating of the individual or group
An open-minded and unbiased attitude towards the individual or group

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of group norms?

Group norms are generally implicit and may not be explicitly stated or recognized by group members.
Group norms are generally implicit and may not be explicitly stated or recognized by group members.
Group norms can vary from one group to another.
Group norms are always explicit and are clearly stated and understood by all group members.
Group norms can influence the behavior of group members.

In a small group situation, under which of the following conditions are departures from norms most likely to be tolerated?

When the group is highly diverse
When the group is highly diverse
When the group is highly hierarchical
When the group is highly individualistic
When the group is highly collectivistic

Aggression is a result of frustration B) Aggression is a natural, instinctive behavior that serves an adaptive function C) Aggression is a learned behavior that is reinforced through rewards and punishments D) Aggression is a result of socialization and cultural influences E) Aggression is a result of physiological arousal and the release of hormones

Aggression is a result of frustration
Aggression is a natural, instinctive behavior that serves an adaptive function
Aggression is a learned behavior that is reinforced through rewards and punishments
Aggression is a result of socialization and cultural influences
Aggression is a result of physiological arousal and the release of hormones

What is the Likert scale used for?

Measuring attitudes or opinions
Measuring intelligence
Measuring physical characteristics
Measuring income
Measuring persuasiveness

How many points is a typical Likert scale?

3
4
5
6
7

What is the typical format of a Likert scale question?

True or false
Multiple choice
Rating a statement on a scale
Writing a short essay
Ranking items

What is the Thurnstone scale used for?

Measuring attitudes or opinions
Measuring intelligence
Measuring physical characteristics
Measuring income
Measuring persuasiveness

What is the primary method used to generate items for a Thurstone scale?

Expert judgement
Factor analysis
Self-report data
Observations of behaviour
Observations

What is the main advantage of the Thurstone scale over the Likert scale?

It is easier to use
It can measure a wider range of attitudes or opinions
It is more reliable
It is less prone to response bias
It can be replicated in different studies

What is the Osgood semantic differential scale used for?

Measuring attitudes or opinions
Measuring intelligence
Measuring physical characteristics
Measuring income
Measuring persuasiveness

How many dimensions does the Osgood semantic differential scale typically measure?

1
2
3
4
5

Who developed the Osgood semantic differential scale?

Rensis Likert
Charles Osgood
Abraham Maslow
B. F. Skinner
Albert Bandura

What is the typical format of an Osgood semantic differential scale question?

True or false
Multiple choice
Rating a statement on a scale
Pairing words to describe an object or concept
Written description

What is a common characteristic of projective measurement scales of attitude?

They require people to directly express their attitudes or opinions
They are based on factor analysis
They use ambiguous stimuli to infer attitudes or opinions
The are based on regression models
They are easy to administer and score

What is a projective measurement scale of attitude used for?

Measuring attitudes or opinions directly
Measuring attitudes or opinions indirectly
Measuring intelligence
Measuring income
Measuring physical characteristics

How can an attitude change in relation to persuasive communication?

It can become more positive
It can become more negative
It can remain the same
It can oscillate between positive and negative
All of the above

What is cognitive consistency?

The tendency for people to seek consistency in their beliefs and attitudes
The tendency for people to seek inconsistency in their beliefs and attitudes
The ability to remember information accurately
The ability to think logically and coherently
A tendency to attribute false beliefs to positive events

What is the cognitive dissonance theory?

A theory that explains how people's attitudes and behaviours can be inconsistent with each other
A theory that explains how people's attitudes and behaviours are always consistent with each other
A theory that explains how people's attitudes and behaviours are influenced by social norms
A theory that explains how people's attitudes and behaviours are influenced by their cognitive biases
A theory about how individual's tendency to attribute another's actions to their character or personality, while attributing their behavior to external situational factors outside of their control.

What is the Pygmalion effect?

The tendency for people's expectations of others to affect their behavior
The tendency for people's behavior to affect their own expectations of themselves
The tendency for people's expectations of themselves to affect their behavior
The tendency for people's behavior to affect their expectations of others
A type of reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed.

What is actor-observer bias?

The tendency for people to attribute their own behavior to external factors
a tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes while attributing other people's behaviours to internal causes
The tendency for people to attribute their own behavior to internal factors
The tendency for people to attribute other people's behavior to external factors
The tendency for people to attribute their own behavior to both internal and external factors

What is the Hawthorne effect?

The tendency for people to perform better when they are not being observed
The tendency for people to perform worse when they are being observed
The tendency for people's performance to remain unchanged when they are being observed
The tendency for people to perform better when they are being observed
The tendency for people to perform worse when they are not being observed

A number of people on the highstreet notice an elderly lady asking for help. None of the people offer to help her. Which concept is being observed?

Halo effect
Hawthorne effect
Actor-observer bias
Genovese effect
Group think

What is the fundamental attribution error?

The tendency for people to attribute their own behavior to internal factors
The tendency for people to attribute their own behavior to external factors
The tendency for people to attribute their own behavior to external factors
The tendency for people to attribute other people's behavior to external factors
The tendency for people to attribute their own behavior to both internal and external factors

What is the risky shift phenomenon?

The tendency for people to become more risk-seeking when making decisions as part of a group
The tendency for people to become more risk-averse when making decisions as part of a group
The tendency for people to become more risk-neutral when making decisions as part of a group
The tendency for people to become more risk-seeking when making decisions individually
The tendency for people to become more risk-averse when making decisions individually

What is group polarization?

The tendency for people's attitudes or beliefs to become more extreme when they are part of a group
The tendency for people's attitudes or beliefs to become more moderate when they are part of a group
The tendency for people's attitudes or beliefs to remain unchanged when they are part of a group
The tendency for people's attitudes or beliefs to become more extreme when they are not part of a group
The tendency for people's attitudes or beliefs to become more moderate when they are not part of a group

A man suffering from major depressive disorder has demonstrated improvement in his sleep pattern after starting an antidepressant. Objectively he reports to remain depressed when using a self-reporting scale monitoring symptoms. He overate the degree of improvement on the domains of mood and sleep. What effect is being demonstrated?

Genovese effect
Hawthorne effect
Halo effect
Risky shift effect
Pygmalion effect

Which of the following forms of leadership has poor task completion?

Autocratic
Democratic
Transformational
Laissez-fare
Rigid

Which of the following leadership styles is characterized by a focus on individual development and team collaboration?

Autocratic
Democratic
Laissez-faire
Rigid
Transformational

Which of the following leadership styles is characterized by a focus on strict rules and procedures, and a top-down decision-making process?

Autocratic
Democratic
Laissez-faire
Transformational
Rigid

Which of the following leadership styles is characterized by a focus on individual freedom and responsibility, and a hands-off approach to decision-making?

Democratic
Laissez-faire
Autocratic
Rigid
Transformational

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